[128540] in North American Network Operators' Group
Re: off-topic: summary on Internet traffic growth History
daemon@ATHENA.MIT.EDU (Deepak Jain)
Wed Aug 11 19:40:16 2010
From: Deepak Jain <deepak@ai.net>
To: "'young@jsyoung.net'" <young@jsyoung.net>,
"'john@internetassociatesllc.com'" <john@internetassociatesllc.com>
Date: Wed, 11 Aug 2010 19:40:06 -0400
Cc: "'nanog@nanog.org'" <nanog@nanog.org>,
"'odlyzko@umn.edu'" <odlyzko@umn.edu>
Errors-To: nanog-bounces+nanog.discuss=bloom-picayune.mit.edu@nanog.org
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