[96950] in tlhIngan-Hol
[Tlhingan-hol] Story: ghuv = The Recruit
daemon@ATHENA.MIT.EDU (Robyn Stewart)
Mon Aug 19 15:29:39 2013
From: "Robyn Stewart" <robyn@flyingstart.ca>
To: "tlhIngan Hol mailing list" <tlhIngan-Hol@kli.org>
Date: Mon, 19 Aug 2013 12:29:07 -0700
Cc: Mauricio <msb.utils@gmail.com>
Errors-To: tlhingan-hol-bounces@kli.org
This is a multipart message in MIME format.
--===============6233481784290466773==
Content-Type: multipart/alternative;
boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0CBF_01CE9CD7.B392B100"
Content-Language: en-ca
This is a multipart message in MIME format.
------=_NextPart_000_0CBF_01CE9CD7.B392B100
Content-Type: text/plain;
charset="us-ascii"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
I write stories for the same reason this list encourages everyone to write
in Klingon: to practise (yes, that's how the verb is spelled in Canadian),
and to get feedback for improvement. It's easy to think you have something
right when it's not quite, or to drift away from proper usage if you don't
reground yourself in canon all the time. I also write stories because I like
writing stories, so feel free to provide feedback on grammar, usage, Star
Trek canon, writing critique, or the way I explain things.
Here's the first paragraph. Six sentences.
ghuv = The Recruit
nenchoHDI' torgh, tlhIngan mangghom muv. woSDajDaq wej chen rol 'ach QI'
wIvta' rIntaH. qorDu'DajvaD wIvDaj ja'be'. Hu' neH 'ej Du'vo' vengDaq yIt,
waqmeyDaj Qop tuQtaHvIS. Sargh lIghchugh vaj Sargh tatlhlu'meH tlhejnIS
vay'. nIteb ghoS 'e' maS torgh, vaqlaHpa' vay'.
If you're experienced and can read that, you don't need the rest of this
message.
If you're learning and think you can read it, then do so and then you can
check your understanding below.
If you're a rank beginner and you'd like to be able to read it, let me help
you. You can look up the individual words, and I'll help you parse and
interpret the ones with affixes. I use a shorthand V4 and N2 to describe
type-4 verb suffixes and type-2 noun suffixes.
If you're only here for the petty arguments then hang tight, one should
break out any time now.
Sentence by sentence:
nenchoHDI' torgh, tlhIngan mangghom muv.
nen = be mature, be grown up
-choH = V3 indicating a change of state
-DI' = V9 when, as soon as
torgh = personal name, canonically given to a male
tlhIngan mangghom = army of the Klingon(s) OR Klingon(s) army (a noun-noun
construction, see TKD 3.4)
There is a zero prefix on the verb wIv so the subject is he/she/it, and you
can assume the subject is the same as in the previous phrase until a new
subject is specified or the verb prefix changes.
And of course you know that the subject of the verb comes after the verb,
and the object before it, so:
"When Torg came of age, he joined the Klingon army."
Next: woSDajDaq wej chen rol 'ach QI' wIvta' rIntaH.
woS = chin
-Daj = N4 his/her/its
-Daq = N5 locative
From the dictionary wej could mean "three" or "not yet." If it meant three
it might
a) precede a noun <wej rolDu'> = three beards - but it doesn't
b) follow a noun <rol wej> = beard number three - but it doesn't
c) act alone as a pseudo-noun as in the canon <wa' yIHoH> = kill one
But it can't be playing role (c) because chen is not a transitive verb, so
it would have no place in the sentence that way. So it must mean "not yet."
While TKD says that adverbs "usually come at the beginning of a sentence" we
see from Skybox SP1 <tlhIngan Dujmey law'qu' SommeyDaq batlh cha'lu'> that
it can follow a locative phrase, as it does here.
An experienced speaker doesn't have to do this analysis to read the
sentence. Your brain just rejects the other possibilities before you think
about them, but a beginner might have to stop and figure it out.
wIv = choose, select
-ta' = perfective suffix, indicating that it's the completion of the action,
not the action itself that is important here, and that the action has been
undertaken deliberately
rIntaH = "it continues to be finished" an idiom emphasizing the undoability
of the preceding.
"He hasn't yet grown a beard, but he has chosen the military and that's
final."
Tense isn't indicated in Klingon, so this could just as well be: "A beard
didn't formed on his face yet, but he had chosen the military and that was
that." I'm afraid I'll waffle between present and past as I translate.
Next: qorDu'DajvaD wIvDaj ja'be'.
qorDu' = family (don't be fooled by what looks like the plural suffix -Du')
-Daj = N4 his/her/its
-vaD = the action of the sentence is directed towards this noun
wIv = choice - you know it's the noun choice and not the verb choose here,
because it has a N4 on it.
ja' = tell, report
-be' = negation suffix
"He did not tell his choice to his family." or "He didn't tell his family
his decision."
Next: Hu' neH 'ej Du'vo' vengDaq yIt, waqmeyDaj Qop tuQtaHvIS.
Hu' = get up + zero prefix = he gets up OR the noun "zoo"
neH could mean only, merely, or want
If Hu' is a noun then the sentence begins "he wants a zoo" or "only a zoo".
It can't be the latter, because the next thing in the sentence is the
conjunction 'ej, which joins sentences or verbal clauses, and "only a zoo"
has no verb. You probably don't have to read more of the sentence to guess
whether a story about someone joining the army will feature him getting up,
or him wanting a zoo, but if you read on, with luck you won't need to guess.
Du' = farm
-vo' = movement away from
veng=city
-Daq = location or movement towards
yIt = walk
This means "he walks from the farm to the city" as in the canon <tIngvo'
'evDaq chanDaq> "from area-southwestward to
area-northwestward to area eastward". If for some reason the farm was in the
city, I think I could say <vengDaq Du'vo' yIt> but that would be a weird
place for a farm. Perhaps <vengDaq vav juHvo' yIt> "he walks from his
father's house in the city. Some people MIGHT interpret that as "he walks to
the city from his father's house" so I probably would say instead <veng
ghoSmeH vav juHvo' yIt> "He walks from his father's house in order to go to
the city.
There's another clause in this sentence: waqmeyDaj Qop tuQtaHvIS
waq = shoe
-mey = N2 plural
-Daj = N4 his/her/its - okay you should know this one by now, remember it.
Qop = be worn out
The be-verb Qop goes after the noun, so it describes the shoes but is not
the predicate of the phrase.
tuQ = wear
-taH = V7 - continuous aspect, the point of the action of the verb is its
ongoing nature, not its inception or completion
-vIS = V9 - while - this verb is happening while the main action of the
sentence happens. Always requires -taH.
"While he was wearing his worn out shoes."
The whole sentence then, "He simply got up and walked from the farm to the
city, wearing his worn out shoes." Sometimes neH "merely" in this position
is confused for "want" but I think given the choice between "he wants to get
up" and "he merely gets up" is not hard. Let me know if it is. I also hope
the reader understands that the worn out shoes are the only ones he has, not
that he deliberately chose his worn out ones of his shiny new ones, for some
reason, but neither the Klingon nor the English makes that explicit.
Next: Sargh lIghchugh vaj Sargh tatlhlu'meH tlhejnIS vay'.
Sargh = a Klingon riding animal, often translated "horse"
lIgh = ride (v)
-chugh = V9 denoting "if"
vaj = thus, then, often used between an if-clause and then thing that will
happen if it's true.
tatlh = return (something to its place)
-lu' = V5 denotes indefinite subject
-meH = V9 the action of the following verb is in order to achieve the action
of this verb.
tlhej = accompany
-nIS = V2 need - the subject needs to do the action of this verb.
vay' = someone, something, anyone, anything
"If he rides a horse then someone needs to accompany him in order that the
horse be returned."
Without the -lu' it would be "...in order for him to return the horse,"
which could also work.
In English this sentence would be rendered, "If he were to ride a horse,
someone would need to accompany him in order for the horse to be returned,"
and I am so grateful that Klingon doesn't have that tense/mood/whatever it
is, because I've never learned a foreign language well enough to use such
constructions, and I don't know the rules in English they just come out
right when I talk and write, because that's how native language works. I
think it's fair to translate it in proper English or in the slightly stilted
way I did first. When I'm using that simple <-chugh, vaj> construction in
Klingon I always check to see that it makes sense without the fancy-dancy
extra tenses English has, otherwise I can't be sure it would make sense in
Klingon. But I think this one does.
Final sentence: . nIteb ghoS 'e' maS torgh, vaqlaHpa' vay'.
nIteb = acting alone
ghoS = go, come, proceed along a course
'e' = the preceding sentence is now the object of the next sentence
maS = prefer (immediately reject "moon" as a translation, because it leaves
the clause "torg of the moon" with no verb).
vaq = mock
-laH = V5 be able to
-pa' = V9 before
torgh prefers to go on his own, before anyone can mock him.
Phew, too long? Maybe next time I'll limit myself to five clauses total.
- Qov
------=_NextPart_000_0CBF_01CE9CD7.B392B100
Content-Type: text/html;
charset="us-ascii"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<META HTTP-EQUIV=3D"Content-Type" CONTENT=3D"text/html; =
charset=3Dus-ascii">
<META NAME=3D"Generator" CONTENT=3D"MS Exchange Server version =
14.02.5004.000">
<TITLE>Story: ghuv =3D The Recruit</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<!-- Converted from text/rtf format -->
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">I write stories =
for the same reason this list encourages everyone to =
write</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">in =
Klingon: to practise</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri"> (yes, that’s how</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">the verb is</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri"> spelled in =
Canadian)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">, and =
to get feedback for improvement. It’s easy to think you have =
something right</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri"> when it’s not quite</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">or to drift away from proper =
usage if you don’t</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">reground yourself in canon all the =
time.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri"> I also =
write stories because I like writing stories, so feel free to provide =
feedback on grammar, usage, Star</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> =
<FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">T</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">rek canon</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">writing</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri"> critique</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">or</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri"> the way I explain things</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"> </SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">Here’s =
the first paragraph.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">Six sentences.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> =
</SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">ghuv</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri"> =3D The Recruit</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">nenchoHDI' =
torgh, tlhIngan mangghom muv. woSDajDaq wej chen rol 'ach QI' =
wIvta' rIntaH. qorDu'DajvaD wIvDaj ja'be'. Hu' neH 'ej Du'vo' vengDaq =
yIt, waqmeyDaj Qop tuQtaHvIS. Sargh lIghchugh vaj Sargh tatlhlu'meH =
tlhejnIS vay'. nIteb ghoS 'e' maS torgh, vaqlaHpa' =
vay'.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">If =
you</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">’re =
experienced and</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri"> can read that, yo</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">u don’t need the rest of =
this message</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">If you’re =
learning and think you can read it, then do so and then you can check =
your understanding below.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">If you’re =
a rank beginner and</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">you’d like to be able to read it, let me help =
you.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri"> You can =
look up the individual words, and I’ll help you parse and =
interpret the ones with affixes.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri"> I use a shorthand V4 and N2 to</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">describe type-4 verb suffixes and =
type-2 noun suffixes.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">If you’re =
only here for the petty arguments then hang tight, one should break out =
any time now.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">Sentence by =
sentence:</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">nenchoHDI' =
torgh, tlhIngan mangghom muv. </FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> =
</SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">nen =3D be =
mature, be grown up</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">-choH =3D =
V</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">indicating a change of state</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"> </SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">-DI’ =3D =
V9 when, as soon as</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">torgh =3D =
personal name, canonically given to a male</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">tlhIngan =
mangghom =3D army of the Klingon(s) OR Klingon(s) army (a noun-noun =
construction, see TKD 3.4)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">There =
is</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">a =
zero</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri"> prefix on =
the verb</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">wIv</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri"> so the subject is he/she/it</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">, and you can</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">assume the subject is the same =
as</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">in the =
previous phrase until a new subject is specified or the verb prefix =
changes.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">And of course =
you know that the subject of the verb comes after the verb, and the =
object before it, so:</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">When</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">Torg</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri"> came of age, he joined the Klingon</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">army</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">”</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">Next:</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">woSDajDaq</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">wej chen rol 'ach QI' wIvta' rIntaH.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">woS</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri"> =3D chin</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">-Daj =3D N4 =
his/her/its</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">-Daq =3D N5 =
locative</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> </SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">From the =
dictionary</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">wej could mean “three” or “not =
yet</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">” If it meant three it</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">might </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">a) </FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">precede</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">a noun</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri"><wej rolDu</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">’> =3D three beards – but it =
doesn’t</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">b) </FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">follow a noun <rol wej> =3D =
beard number three – but it doesn’t</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">c) </FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">act alone as a</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">pseudo-</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">noun</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">as in the =
canon</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri"><wa</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">’ yIHoH> =3D kill one</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"> </SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">But it =
can’t be playing</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">role (c)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri"> because chen is not a transitive verb, so it would =
have no place in the sentence that way.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri"> So it must =
mean</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">not yet.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">” </FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">While TKD says that adverbs “usually come at the =
beginning of a sentence” we see from Skybox SP1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT FACE=3D"Calibri"><</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">tlhIngan Dujmey law'qu' SommeyDaq =
batlh cha'lu'</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">> that it can follow a locative phrase, as it does =
here.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">A</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">n experienced</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">speaker doesn’t have to do this analysis to read =
the sentence. Your brain just rejects the other possibilities before you =
think about</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">them</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">, but a beginner might have to stop and figure it =
out.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">wIv =3D choose, =
select</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">-ta’ =3D =
perfective suffix, indicating that it</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">’s the completion of the =
action, not the action itself that is important here, and that the =
action has been undertaken deliberately</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">rIntaH =3D =
“it continues to be finished” an idiom emphasizing the =
undoability of the preceding.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">He hasn’t yet grown a beard, but he has chosen =
the military and that’s final.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">”</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">Tense =
isn’t indicated in Klingon, so this could just as well be: =
“A beard</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">di</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">d</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">n’t form</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">ed</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri"> on his face yet, but he had chosen the military and =
that was that.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">” I’m afraid I’ll waffle between =
present and past as I translate.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<UL DIR=3DLTR><UL DIR=3DLTR>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
</UL></UL>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">Next:</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">qorDu'DajvaD wIvDaj ja'be'.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">qorDu’ =
=3D family (don’t be fooled by what looks like the plural suffix =
–Du’)</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">-Daj =
=3D</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">N4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">his/her/its </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">-vaD =3D the =
action of the sentence is directed towards this noun</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">wIv =3D choice =
– you know it’s the noun choice and not the verb choose =
here, because it has a</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">N4 on it.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">ja’ =3D =
tell, report</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">-be’ =3D =
negation suffix</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">“He did =
not tell his choice to his family.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri"> or “He didn’t tell =
his family his decision.”</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">Next:</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">Hu' neH 'ej Du'vo' vengDaq yIt, waqmeyDaj Qop =
tuQtaHvIS.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">Hu’ =3D =
get up + zero prefix =3D he gets up</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri"> OR the noun =
“zoo”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">neH could mean =
only, merely, or want</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">If Hu’ is =
a noun then the sentence begins “he wants a zoo” =
or</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">“only =
a zoo”. It can’t be the latter, because the next thing in =
the sentence is the conjunction ‘ej, which =
joins</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">sentences or</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">verbal clauses, and “only a zoo” has no =
verb</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">. You =
probably don’t have to read more of the sentence to guess whether =
a story about someone joining the army will feature him getting up, or =
him wanting a zoo, but</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">if you read on, with luck you won’t need to =
guess.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">Du’ =3D =
farm</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">-vo’ =3D =
movement away from</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">veng=3Dcity</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">-Daq =3D =
location or movement towards</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">yIt =3D =
walk</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">This</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">means</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">“he walks from the farm to the =
city”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri"> as =
in the canon <</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">tIngvo' 'evDaq chanDaq</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">></FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">"from area-southwestward =
to<BR>
area-northwestward to area eastward"</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">. If for some reason the farm was =
in the city, I think I could say</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> =
<FONT FACE=3D"Calibri"><</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">vengDaq Du</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">’vo’ yIt> but that would be a weird =
place for a farm. Perhaps <vengDaq vav juHvo’ =
yIt></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri"> =
“he walks from his father’s house in the city. Some people =
MIGHT interpret that as “he walks to the city from his =
father’s house” so I probably would say =
instead</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri"><veng ghoSmeH vav juHvo’ yIt> “He =
walks from his father’s house in order to go to the =
city.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">There’s =
another clause in this sentence:</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> =
<FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">waqmeyDaj Qop tuQtaHvIS</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">waq =3D =
shoe</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">-mey =3D N2 =
plural</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">-Daj =3D N4 =
his/her/its – okay you should know this one by now, remember =
it.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">Qop =3D be worn =
out</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">The be-verb Qop =
goes after the noun</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">, so it describes the shoes but is not the predicate of =
the phrase. </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">tuQ =3D =
wear</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">-</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">taH =3D</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">V</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">7</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">–</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri"> continuous</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">aspect, the</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">point of the</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">action</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">of the verb</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">is its ongoing nature, not its inception or =
completion</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">-vIS =3D =
V9</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri"> – =
while – this verb is happening while the main action of the =
sentence happens. Always requires –taH.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> </SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">“While he =
was wearing his worn out shoes.”</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">The whole =
sentence then, “He simply got up and walked from the farm to the =
city, wearing his worn out shoes.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">Sometimes neH =
“merely” in this position is confused for “want” =
but I think given the choice between</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> =
<FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">“he wants to get up” and “he =
merely gets up”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">is not hard. Let me know if it is.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">I</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">also</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">hope the reader understands that =
the worn out shoes are the only ones he has, not that he deliberately =
chose his worn out ones</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">of his shiny new ones,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">for some reason, but neither the =
Klingon nor the English makes that explicit</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">Next:</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">Sargh lIghchugh vaj Sargh tatlhlu'meH tlhejnIS =
vay'.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">Sargh =3D a =
Klingon riding animal,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">often</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri"> translated “horse”</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">lIgh =3D ride =
(v)</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">-chugh</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">=3D</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">V9 denoting</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">“if”</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">vaj =3D thus, =
then, often used between an if-clause and then thing that will happen if =
it</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">’s =
true.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">tatlh =3D =
return (something to its place)</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">-lu’ =3D =
V5 denotes indefinite subject</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">-meH =3D V9 =
the</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri"> action =
of</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">the</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">following verb is</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> =
<FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">in order to achieve the action</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri"> of this verb.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">tlhej =3D =
accompany</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">-nIS =3D V2 =
need – the subject needs to do the action of this =
verb.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">vay’ =3D =
someone, something, anyone, anything</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">“If he =
rides a horse then someone needs to accompany him in order that the =
horse be returned.”</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">Without =
the</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">–</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">lu</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">’ it would be “...in order for him to =
return the horse,” which could also work.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">In English this =
sentence would be rendered, “If he were to ride a horse, someone =
would</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">need</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri"> to accompany him in order for the horse to be =
returned,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">” and I am so grateful that Klingon doesn’t =
have that tense/mood/whatever it is, because I</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">’ve never learned a foreign =
language well enough to use such constructions, and I don’t know =
the rules in English they just come out right when I talk and write, =
because that’s how native language wor</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">ks.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT FACE=3D"Calibri"> I think it’s fair to =
translate it in proper English or in the slightly stilted way I did =
first. When I’m using that simple</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT FACE=3D"Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT FACE=3D"Calibri"><</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">-chugh, vaj></FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri"> construction in Klingon I always =
check to see that it makes sense without the fancy-dancy extra tenses =
English has, otherwise I can’t be sure it would make sense in =
Klingon. But I think this one does.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">Final =
sentence:</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">. =
nIteb ghoS 'e' maS torgh, vaqlaHpa' vay'.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">nIteb</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">=3D</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri"> acting alone</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">ghoS</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">=3D</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">go, come,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">proceed along a course</FONT></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">‘e’ =
=3D the preceding sentence is now the object of the next =
sentence</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">maS =3D prefer =
(immediately reject “moon” as a translation, because it =
leaves the clause</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">“torg of the moon” with no =
verb).</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">vaq =3D =
mock</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">-laH =3D V5 be =
able to </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">-pa’ =3D =
V9 before</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">torgh =
prefers</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">to</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">go</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> <FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">on his own</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">, before anyone can mock him.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">Phew, too long? =
Maybe next time I’ll limit myself to five =
clauses</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT FACE=3D"Calibri"> =
total</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> </SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"><FONT =
FACE=3D"Calibri">- </FONT></SPAN><SPAN=
LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"> =
<FONT FACE=3D"Calibri">Qov</FONT></SPAN><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
<P DIR=3DLTR><SPAN LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN><SPAN =
LANG=3D"en-ca"></SPAN></P>
</BODY>
</HTML>
------=_NextPart_000_0CBF_01CE9CD7.B392B100--
--===============6233481784290466773==
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Disposition: inline
_______________________________________________
Tlhingan-hol mailing list
Tlhingan-hol@kli.org
http://stodi.digitalkingdom.org/mailman/listinfo/tlhingan-hol
--===============6233481784290466773==--
