[27781] in linux-announce channel archive
Cotton swabs can damage inner ears, stop and use this instead
daemon@ATHENA.MIT.EDU (Leland Mack)
Sat Jul 31 15:43:55 2021
Date: Sat, 31 Jul 2021 15:42:49 -0400
From: "Leland Mack" <leland_mack@onlinepromo8.club>
To: <linuxch-announce.discuss@charon.mit.edu>
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** EAR CLEANING ENDOSCOPE TOOL **
---------------------------------
SAY GOODBYE TO COTTON SWABS!
Q-tips and cotton swabs can jam dirt, earwax, and debris deeper into your e=
ar canal. With the EarScout endoscope, you can safely view and clean your =
ears at-home. Don=E2=80=99t be tempted to try to remove the buildup with =
a cotton swab. That pushes the wax deeper inside, where it can get stuck. =
The EarScout is much safer, since you can see how far you are going into t=
he ear canal and continually check to see if there is any wax left. This =
endoscope is not only for cleaning earwax. You can also use it to inspect =
your eardrum, mouth, throat, nasal cavity, or scalp.=20
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<!--Strangely enough, he never dissected Byrne. Had he, his trained ey=
e might have spotted the pituitary tumor and connected it to gigantism, a l=
ink that remained undiscovered for another century. (5) Hunter, though, was=
scared enough of Byrne?s friends to abandon his plans. Instead, he focused=
on boiling the body down to preserve the skeleton. He used a huge copper v=
at to do so, skimming off the fat like so much soup and picking out the gia=
nt?s bones. Hunter eventually opened a museum of anatomical oddities in Lon=
don (one writer called it ?Hunter?s collection of human miseries?), where t=
he seven-foot-seven-inch skeleton served as the centerpiece. Against the gi=
ant?s wishes, it?s still on display today. ARTICLE CONTINUES AF=
TER ADVERTISEMENT
Hunter left behind two conflicting legacies. There?s no questio=
n he was one of the great scientists of his day, making dozens of new disco=
veries about how our bodies work. And beyond any specific findings, he inau=
gurated a new spirit in medicine, dragging it out of the realm of bloodlett=
ing and tobacco enemas and emphasizing observation and experiment, a big st=
ep toward scientific respectability. He also inspired countless students (E=
dward Jenner and James Parkinson, to name two), and enrollment in medical s=
chools boomed after his death in 1793. That said, Hunter?s lack=
of ethics gravely undermined his reputation. Condemning scientists in the =
past for not living up to today?s moral standards is unfair, but even in hi=
s own day, people despised Hunter. In a neat trick, he managed to make enem=
ies of both patrician doctors, who recoiled at his rubbing elbows with body=
-snatchers, and the plebian masses, who resented being fodder for his resea=
rch. Even Hunter?s fellow anatomists blanched when he stole Charles Byrne?s=
body. He?s a classic example of someone rationalizing his sins by pointing=
out all the good that resulted, as if ethics was merely moral accounting, =
with the good deeds canceling out the bad. Worse was to come. M=
ore than anyone else, Hunter transformed grave-robbing from the wanton sall=
ies of students into an industry, and the sheer number of bodies he bought =
distorted the market for them. The boom in medical-school enrollment furthe=
r exacerbated the shortage of bodies and drove the price still higher, from=
roughly =A3 2 in the 1780s to =A316 (nearly $1,000) in some places by the =
1810s?equal to what an average laborer made in five years. To be sure, Hunt=
er was no monster. However flexible his conscience was, he at least had one=
But the higher the price for bodies rose, the more that people without an=
y scruples at all were tempted to jump into the game. People like Burke and=
Hare. ___________________________________
(1) In perhaps his most clever discovery, Hunter settled a long=
standing dispute about digestion. Many scientists back then argued that the=
stomach digested food either by applying heat to break it down or by mecha=
nically churning it. But after noticing holes in his cadavers? stomachs, Hu=
nter argued for chemical digestion. After death, he reasoned, the body stop=
s producing the protective mucus that lines the stomach, and the acid there=
begins to digest the organ itself. This explained the holes, which neither=
the heat nor mechanical theories could. We now know that mechanical churni=
ng does play a role in digestion, but chemical action is primary. =
ARTICLE CONTINUES AFTER ADVERTISEMENT
(2) People who died during the summer were lucky in that their =
bodies decayed faster in the heat. Hence, they were of less use to anatomis=
ts, who often took summers off. Wintertime deaths almost always meant a bod=
y-snatch. On especially cold days, when the bodies were still stiff, the re=
surrectionists didn?t even have to conceal them. They could simply prop the=
m up in carriages like passengers and drive them right up to the anatomist?=
s back door. In other cases bodies were concealed in shrouds or sacks, or e=
ven shipped around in barrels labeled ?pork? or ?beef.? This might explain =
the line about ?beef? in the nursery rhyme later in this chapter. =
(3) Anatomists dissected infants and children whenever possible in part =
because they were eager to chart the course of human growth and development=
, a hot scientific topic at the time. More practically, infants made for ha=
ndy teaching specimens. To study the nerves and blood vessels, anatomists h=
ad to pump colored wax or mercury throughout the body, sometimes by blowing=
it with a pipe. And it was a heck of a lot easier to pump fluids throughou=
t a tiny child?s body than a full-grown adult?s. Incidentally, =
anatomists dissected the bodies in a strict order, based on how quickly dif=
ferent tissues went putrid. The lower abdomen was first, since those organs=
turned foul fast. Then came the lungs (which were often black from London?=
s sooty air) and the heart. Muscles decayed more slowly, so they could be p=
ut off. Finally came the bones, which anatomists would sometimes wire toget=
her to form skeletons. Despite the rush to get through the putrid parts, di=
ssecting rooms often reeked of rotten flesh?as did the anatomists. In order=
to keep them focused on their studies, medical schools often banned surgic=
al apprentices from marrying, but given where they spent much of each day, =
you wonder whether the ban was necessary. (4) Just to clear up =
some of the legal subtleties: Possessing a dead body wasn?t a crime; no one=
could technically own a body, and corpses weren?t considered property. Tha=
t said, resurrectionists could still get nailed for violating a grave, whic=
h was illegal. And again, stealing clothing or jewelry on the body was defi=
nitely a crime, often punishable by death. ARTICLE CONTINUES AF=
TER ADVERTISEMENT
(5) The famed neurosurgeon Harvey Cushing finally opened up the=
Irish Giant?s skull in 1909 and found clear evidence of a tumor. Namely, h=
e noticed that a structure called the sella turcica?a saddle-shaped notch i=
n the base of the skull that houses the pituitary gland?was enlarged in Byr=
ne, a common occurrence in giants. ____________________________=
_______
Excerpted from The Icepick Surgeon: Murder, Fraud, Sabotage, Pi=
racy and Other Dastardly Deeds Perpetrated in the Name of Science, by Sam K=
ean. Published by Little Brown and Company. Reprinted with permission. Copy=
right 2021, Sam Kean. All rights reserved.=20
Share:
Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitte=
r (Opens in new window)Click to share on Google+ (Opens in new window)More
anatomygrave robbingJohn HunterLittle Brown and Companymedical =
historyresurrectionistsSam KeanThe Icepick Surgeontrue crime history
Sam Kean
Sam Kean is the New York Times bestselling author of The Bastar=
d Brigade, Caesar's Last Breath (the Guardian's Science Book of the Year), =
The Tale of the Dueling Neurosurgeons, The Violinist's Thumb, and The Disap=
pearing Spoon. He is also a two-time finalist for the PEN / E. O. Wilson Li=
terary Science Writing Award. His work has appeared in The Best American Sc=
ience and Nature Writing, The New Yorker, The Atlantic, and the New York Ti=
mes Magazine, among other publications, and he has been featured on NPR's R=
adiolab, All Things Considered, Science Friday, and Fresh Air. His podcast,=
The Disappearing Spoon, debuted at #1 on the iTunes science charts. Kean l=
ives in Washington DC.--->=20
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<p><span style=3D"color: #ffffff;">Government officials tended to look th=
e other way at graverobbing, for two reasons. First, most government offici=
als were rich and powerful. Most bodies for dissection, meanwhile, came fro=
m the pauper class. Officials could therefore tolerate grave-robbing withou=
t the fear of their own loved ones going missing. Less cynically, authoriti=
es also knew that budding doctors and surgeons needed bodies to train on?an=
d frankly, make mistakes on. Otherwise, the tyros would be learning anatomy=
on the fly inside live patients, making mistakes while elbow-deep inside t=
heir guts. Many government officials wanted to legalize dissection for this=
reason, but popular opinion prevented it. As a result, the British medical=
community fell into an uneasy truce when it came to procuring bodies. Don'=
t ask, don't tell.</span></p>=20
<p> </p>=20
<p><span style=3D"color: #ffffff;">What finally broke the equilibrium was=
one man's obsession. John Hunter was the William Dampier of anatomy, rever=
ed for his discoveries and reviled for his methods. Coarse and foul-mouthed=
, with hair so red you could light a cigar with it, Hunter was the tenth of=
ten children in his Scottish family, and he went into medicine in part bec=
ause six of his siblings died young from disease. He also had a role model =
in his brother William, an obstetrician in London who was highly praised (a=
nd highly paid) for discreetly delivering the children of Important Men's m=
istresses. William also taught anatomy on the side, but didn't want to sull=
y himself carving up bodies. So in 1748, at age twenty, Hunter moved to Lon=
don to become his brother's assistant dissector. He'd never cut into a body=
before that, but after the rush of that first incision, he basically never=
stopped.</span></p>=20
<p><span style=3D"color: #ffffff;">Hunter's obsession took two forms. Fir=
st, he loved anatomy for its own sake, and not just human anatomy. He carve=
d up thousands of animals, too, including outré bits like ?sparrows'=
testicles, bees' ovaria, and monkey placenta?; he even collaborated with H=
enry Smeathman in dissecting his grotesque termite queens. Second, Hunter s=
aw anatomy as a way to reform medicine. Medicine in that era paid lip servi=
ce to things like observation and experiment, but everyday treatments still=
consisted of hoary nostrums like purging, bloodletting, and tobacco enemas=
?literally blowing smoke up someone's ass. Hunter wanted to modernize medic=
ine, and saw anatomy as the foundation of reform: to cure disease, doctors =
needed intimate knowledge of the body. To him, this included not just how t=
he parts fit together but the feel and smell and even taste of different ti=
ssues. He once described the gastric juices of cadavers as ?saltish or brac=
kish.? More daringly, he reported that ?semen . . . =
when held some time in the mouth . . . produces a =
warmth similar to spices.? Hunter even dissected and tasted an Egyptian mum=
my.</span></p>=20
<p><span style=3D"color: #ffffff;">Whether in spite of or because of his =
unorthodox methods, Hunter made dozens of anatomical discoveries, including=
the tear ducts and olfactory nerve. He oversaw the first artificial insemi=
nation in humans and pioneered the use of electricity (from crude batteries=
) to jump-start the heart. He also charted the development of babies in ute=
ro and divined the modern classification of teeth into incisors, cuspids, b=
icuspids, and molars. Based on such work, (1) Hunter was elected to the Roy=
al Society in 1767. Moreover, his practiced cutting hand and intimate knowl=
edge of anatomy made him a celebrated surgeon. He eventually bought a house=
in London with a grand façade for receiving distinguished patients =
such as Adam Smith, David Hume, William Pitt, and Joseph Haydn.</span></p>=
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<p><span style=3D"color: #ffffff;">Still, Hunter had his critics?especial=
ly for his dealings with grave-robbers. Most anatomists despised ?resurrect=
ionists? and ?sack- 'em-up men? as lowbrow thugs. In contrast, Hunter's vul=
gar manners actually made him a great favorite with grave-robbers. His maje=
stic house even had a second, less wholesome, back entrance just for resurr=
ectionists; it overlooked an alley, and at 2 a.m. they'd slink up and unloa=
d that night's catch. As one student remembered, the rooms back there were =
distinctly ?perfumed? with the scent of corpses. Robert Louis Stevenson use=
d this Janus-faced house, and Hunter's life in general, as models for Dr.&n=
bsp;Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.</span></p>=20
<p><span style=3D"color: #ffffff;">Grave-robbers usually worked in teams.=
Less sophisticated crews would poach from mass graves, the open pits that =
were left unattended until they'd filled with paupers' bodies. The best cre=
ws had more elaborate setups. Many of them employed female spies?who attrac=
ted less attention?to linger near hospitals and workhouses waiting for peop=
le to die. The spies would then attend ?the black? (thief cant for a funera=
l) and follow the wake to the ?hospital crib? (graveyard) to note the locat=
ion of the plot. Spies also kept an eye out for booby traps, such as spring=
-loaded rifles buried in the dirt and ?torpedo? coffins that exploded if ta=
mpered with. Less drastically, some families would arrange twigs, stones, o=
r oyster shells into a pattern on the surface of the plot, so they could te=
ll if the dirt had been disturbed. The lady spies passed all this informati=
on on to the gangs for a cut of the proceeds.</span></p>=20
<p><span style=3D"color: #ffffff;">The actual resurrecting took place at =
night. Sack-'em-up men had to become amateur astronomers, in fact, and char=
t the rising and phases of the moon to determine the time of peak darkness.=
Guards were little worry. If a graveyard even had one, the gangs either br=
ibed him or got him so drunk he passed out. Then the thieves would tiptoe u=
p to the fresh grave, disable any booby traps, memorize the pattern of stic=
ks or shells, and start digging with their soft, quiet, wooden shovels.</sp=
an></p>=20
<p><span style=3D"color: #ffffff;">The gangs rarely disinterred a whole c=
offin?too much work. Rather, they'd expose just the head of it, then jigger=
a crowbar underneath the lid and use the weight of the overlying dirt to s=
nap the boards. A rope slipped under the arms of the body retrieved the&nbs=
p; prize. Brutally, they often disfigured the face at this point to prevent=
recognition. Before leaving, they stripped the shroud and any jewelry off =
the body and discarded it, since stealing gold or clothing would ratchet th=
e deed up to a capital offense. Pros could empty a grave in fifteen minutes=
, and they were veritable Picassos when it came to recreating the look of a=
n undisturbed plot. More than one gang snuck into a churchyard and started =
digging, only to find an empty grave below?the work of a more punctual riva=
l. (2)</span></p>=20
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<p><span style=3D"color: #ffffff;">(Resurrectionists had other tricks for=
making money, too. Rather than sully themselves with digging, some went th=
e confidence-man route. They'd visit an almshouse or hospital, pick out a b=
ody there, and start weeping and rending their garments as they claimed the=
ir dearly beloved ?uncle? or ?great aunt.? As a variation, some gangs would=
sell a body to an anatomist and then enlist a confederate to knock on his =
door an hour later, before dissection began. Posing as a relative, the conf=
ederate would demand the body back, on threat of calling the police?at whic=
h point the whole gang would walk down the street to another anatomist and =
sell the body again. Even more brazen, one gang wrapped their very-much-ali=
ve friend in a sack and sold him to an anatomist. They were apparently hopi=
ng the anatomist would set the sack aside overnight?at which point the frie=
nd would hop out, rob the house blind, and sneak off. The plan was thwarted=
when the anatomist realized the ?corpse? was still alive.)</span></p>=20
<p><span style=3D"color: #ffffff;">Gangs earned flat fees for adult bodie=
s, around £2 in Hunter's day?roughly what farm laborers made in a who=
le season. For ?smalls? (children), gangs charged by the inch. (3) For rare=
specimens (e.g., pregnant women during their last months), prices might ri=
se to £20 ($2,500 today). One industrious grave-robber once cleared &=
pound;100 in a single night.</span></p>=20
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<p><span style=3D"color: #ffffff;">However lucrative, the work had its da=
ngers. If caught, resurrectionists risked jail time or transport to the col=
onies. (4) And while the police often looked the other way, mobs didn't: Gr=
ave-robbers regularly got beaten, shot, or whipped with metal wires. One ho=
rde, displaying a keen sense of irony, tried burying a grave-robber alive i=
n the pit he'd just dug. Some anatomists acted like godfathers and looked a=
fter their most reliable resurrectionists, bailing them out of jail or prov=
iding for their families during stints in prison. But if anatomists double-=
crossed them, or bought bodies from a rival crew, the gangs had no compunct=
ions about breaking into labs and hacking the bodies up, rendering them use=
less for dissections. It was straight Mafia tactics. Pretty little corpse y=
ou got there. Be a shame if something happened to it.</span></p>=20
<p><span style=3D"color: #ffffff;">Hunter, however, rarely ran afoul of r=
esurrectionists, mostly because he couldn't afford to: all his research dep=
ended on them. Later in life he estimated that, during the dozen years he w=
orked for his brother, he dissected or observed the dissection of two thous=
and corpses?one body every two days.</span></p>=20
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<p><span style=3D"color: #ffffff;">Given that nearly every one of those b=
odies had been stolen?sometimes by Hunter himself?this was bad enough. But =
month by month, corpse by corpse, Hunter also developed a moral callus, and=
pretty soon these former human beings became nothing but bags of bones to =
him. Probably the most disgraceful episode involved the Irish giant Charles=
Byrne.</span></p>=20
<p><span style=3D"color: #ffffff;">Byrne was so tall?eight-foot-four, acc=
ording to the tabloids? that people swore he could light his pipe from gas =
streetlamps without rising to his tiptoes. Scholars at the time ascribed hi=
s fantastic height to his parents having sex atop a haystack; modern doctor=
s suggest a pituitary tumor that pumped out excess growth hormone. To earn =
a living, Byrne exhibited himself in county fairs across Ireland and Englan=
d, wearing gigantic frilled cuffs and a three-cornered hat the size of a to=
psail. He had an audience with King George once, and the moment John Hunter=
laid eyes on Byrne, he grew obsessed with dissecting him.</span></p>=20
<p><span style=3D"color: #ffffff;">To this end, Hunter approached Byrne o=
ne day in London and offered to buy his corpse pre-posthumously. To Hunter,=
the offer was an honor. Who wouldn't want to be dissected by the world's l=
eading anatomist? (No hypocrite, Hunter later had his own assistants carve =
him up after his death.) But Hunter's obsession had blinded him to the fact=
that most people considered dissection an abomination, and Byrne practical=
ly shrieked at the offer. After sending Hunter away, the giant gathered his=
friends and made them swear to God above that they'd dump his body in the =
sea when he died, to keep it out of the anatomist's clutches.</span></p>=20
<p><span style=3D"color: #ffffff;">Sadly for Byrne, death came sooner tha=
n expected. Pituitary conditions can cause arthritis and bad headaches, and=
he reportedly started drinking to blot out the pain. (Hunter learned this =
through a spy he'd employed to tail the giant from pub to pub.) It would ha=
ve taken prodigious amounts of booze to get Byrne sozzled, and his liver ev=
entually sputtered out. He finally drank himself to death in June 1783, jus=
t twenty-two years old.</span></p>=20
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<p><span style=3D"color: #ffffff;">As one newspaper reported, anatomists =
began circling Byrne's house ?just as Greenland harpooners would an enormou=
s whale.? Byrne's friends ordered a coffin the size of a schooner and, figu=
ring that Byrne had exhibited himself when alive, put him on display in dea=
th and began selling tickets. True to their word, however, no one got the b=
ody. After four days of cashing in, they and an undertaker began a seventy-=
five-mile march to the sea to fulfill the dearly departed's last wishes.</s=
pan></p>=20
<p><span style=3D"color: #ffffff;">Unfortunately, the mourners had more i=
n the way of good intentions than good sense. Lugging a giant coffin around=
was hard, sweaty work in the June heat, so the Irish lads began stopping e=
very few miles to refresh themselves with ale and toast their friend. Being=
responsible fellows, they always tried to bring the coffin inside the tave=
rn with them to watch over it; when it didn't fit inside, <a style=3D"color=
: #ffffff;" href=3D"http://www.onlinepromo8.club/come-purveyor/33c4v2395X8M6p11o437arI7fbu40lhbr47Ga-Drrs4rGIEHbwG4wwfGaDvsrEibxEIH47gQYomeS6m1lgq05JAWsv">they ma</a>de arrangements to keep it safe.=
At one tavern, <a style=3D"color: #ffffff;" href=3D"http://www.onlinepromo8.club/q6b5E23V95B8ZF611q437bVh7fbQ40nhbr47Ga-Drrs4rGIEHbwG4wwfGaDvsrEibxEIH47mQYomeS7uA10Zjw6oXqsWv/missile-three">for instan=
ce, th</a>e door was too narrow for Byrne's bier, so they took the suggesti=
on of the undertaker and stored it in a nearby barn he knew of. Eventually =
this nomadic wake reached the coast past Canterbury, where they engaged a l=
ocal bark and rowed out to the deep. There they pushed the coffin of the Ir=
ish giant off the prow, and watched it sink to the bottom of the sea.</span=
></p>=20
<p><span style=3D"color: #ffffff;">The Irish giant's body, me<a style=3D"=
color: #ffffff;" href=3D"http://www.onlinepromo8.club/a9d4r2395BZ86S11j43M7cL7fbt40lhbr47Ga-Drrs4rGIEHbwG4wwfGaDvsrEibxEIH47fQYomeS6urq1g05SpOsv/rotational-graining">anwhile, was b</a>ack in London. Befor=
e the wake had set off, Hunter's spy had approached the undertaker with a &=
pound;50 bribe for his cooperation. The undertaker, sensing desperation, so=
on drove that offer up to an incredible £500 ($50,000 today). Hunter =
couldn't afford that, b<a style=3D"color: #ffffff;" href=3D"http://www.onlinepromo8.club/7555O23z95Q_Q8611WT437dC7fbn40Ihbr47Ga-Drrs4rGIEHbwG4wwfGaDvsrEibxEIH47pQYomeS6bH10Gq5pWsjv/Kauffman-braining">ut =
his man</a>ia got the better of him and he agreed. The undertaker then stee=
red Byrne's<a style=3D"color: #ffffff;" href=3D"http://www.onlinepromo8.club/7cd4u2395K8hB610o437eV7fbr40Mhbr47Ga-Drrs4rGIEHbwG4wwfGaDvsrEibxEIH47OQYomeS5hrs105XLqsv/Cobb-complement"> friends</a> to=
the tavern above with the narrow door, knowing th<a style=3D"color: #fffff=
f;" href=3D"http://www.onlinepromo8.club/artillery-troublemaker/2885N239P5F8n6p12Y437qfsU7fbs40Fhbr47Ga-Drrs4rGIEHbwG4wwfGaDvsrEibxEIH47hQYomeS7S1SR0NV5QAsvX">e coffi</a>n would never fit. He'd already bribed t=
he owner of the nearby barn to let hi<a style=3D"color: #ffffff;" href=3D"=
http://www.onlinepromo8.club/a9d6ACA2395j8J6w12k438po0F7fbK40Whbr47Ga-Drrs4rGIEHbwG4wwfGaDvsrEibxEIH47XQYomeS6YlY10Z6QOp@sv/Cobb-complement">m hide some</a> tools and men among the straw inside, and while =
Byrne's friends made merry, the undertaker's crew unscrewed the lid, hid th=
e giant in the straw, and replaced him with a precisely measured weight of =
paving stones. Afterward, the coffin went one direction, the body another. =
By dawn the next morning, Hunter was dragging the giant through the Mr. Hyd=
e entrance of his <a style=3D"color: #ffffff;" href=3D"http://www.onlinepromo8.club/incites-insinuates/a085a23D95uHC8611z4J381Z7fbn40Nhbr47Ga-Drrs4rGIEHbwG4wwfGaDvsrEibxEIH47FQYomeS7QYji1S05HOsvT">home.</a=
></span></p>=20
<img src=3D"http://www.onlinepromo8.club/7376t2N3F95EF8T510X4385J7fbJ40Dhbr47Ga-Drrs4rGIEHbwG4wwfGaDvsrEibxEIH47dQYomeS7nJ1H0kp6pj0sv0/Nubia-agglutinate" alt=3D""/></body>
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