[16138] in Public-Access_Computer_Systems_Forum
FYI France: French overseas, Warsaw's Zaluski Pt2
daemon@ATHENA.MIT.EDU (Jack Kessler)
Mon Oct 17 20:38:53 2005
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Date: Sat, 15 Oct 2005 11:44:34 -0700
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From: Jack Kessler <kessler@WELL.COM>
To: PACS-L@LISTSERV.UH.EDU
FYI France: French culture overseas, Warsaw's Zaluski, Part 2
French is spoken other places than just France, and these places
have had libraries... One of the greatest, during the 1700s, was
in Poland. Herewith a paper on that one, by Maria Witt, telling a
fascinating and engagingly-European and often-dramatic story:
[Part 1, which appeared here on September 15, gave the very
"French" background of the Zaluski collections, including
biographical information about the brothers. Here Part 2 of 2
describes the dispersals, and efforts to reconstruct, this great
"foreign French" library.]
"The strange life of one of the greatest European
libraries of the eighteenth century: the Zaluski
collection in Warsaw"
by Maria Witt, Instructor, Paris X Nanterre*
(continued)
Summary [repeated from Part 1]
During the eighteenth century the French language conquered
Poland. This period saw the creation and development of the
largest French-language library in the world outside of France:
"a giant collection containing 400,000 volumes, consequently one
of the two or three most important libraries in Europe".
The Zaluski Library, founded by two brothers: Andrzej Stanislaw
Kostka (1695-1758) and Jozef Andrzej (1702-1774), which opened in
Warsaw in 1747, was in existence for about 50 years. It was
subsequently "transferred" to Saint Petersburg, in 1795, as a war
prize, where it served as the basis for the Imperial Public
Library. Around 50,000 of the Zaluskis' books were returned by
Russia, then by the USSR, over the course of the nineteenth
century and between 1923 and 1935, but the Second World War
reserved a final tragedy for them.
Due to this strange and tragic fate, it is difficult now to
reconstruct a complete picture of the Zaluski collection, and of
how the library functioned. Too many documents, letters, archival
resources, catalogs, and inventories have been lost forever.
Nevertheless, a certain picture can be reconstructed thanks to
secondary documents, which have preserved information about their
contents, among them the documents presented at the 1933
Exposition at the National Library of Warsaw, historical and
biographical works published between the two World Wars, and the
recent research of J. Kozlowski.
[Part 2:]
Bibliographic and reference services
An information service for researchers in foreign countries was
available [at the Zaluski], through the publications of the
library (for example bio-bibliographic dictionaries of Polish
scholars) or through answers to oral or written questions -- a
true reference service.
Numerous periodicals (mostly German, such as _Neue Zeitungen von
Gelehrten Sachen [New Journals on Scholarly Subjects]_,
_Pommerische Nachrichten von Gelehrten Sachen [Pomeranian Reports
on Learned Subjects]_, _Critische Nachrichten [Critical
Reports]_, _New Germanic Library_, and _Schlesische Privilegierte
Zeitung [Schlesian Privileged Journal]_) published reports on the
Zaluski Library and science in Poland. The idea of this service
is linked to the contacts Zaluski established in Lorraine,
notably Jacques Perard (who stayed in Szczecin in 1742), with
whom he corresponded regularly until the Seven Years' War,
sending him information about the intellectual life of the Republic.
Regular information about new works in the _Kurier Polski [Polish
News]_ filled the role of a current Polish bibliography. Books
sent sent to "the Zaluski" were the object of criticism in the
periodicals associated with the library. This initiative was
conceived as "auto-transmissible": the information on new works
was to encourage publishers and authors to give, spontaneously,
copies of their works to the Zaluskis (what one could call today
the phenomenon of synergy). New works came from publishers in all
the cities of Poland: Wilno, Lwow, Lublin, Poczajow, Suprasl,
Zamosc, Poznan, Kalisz etc., from learned societies. Numerous
writers from the Zaluski circle donated part of their collections
(such as Radziwill, Czartoryski, Sapieha, Antonina Zamoyska, the
Jesuits of Lithuania, the Carmelites of Cracovia, etc.).
Zaluski himself served as intermediary for the Polish
bibliophiles for foreign acquisitions, since under the Saxon
kings bookstores did not reliably provide that service.
Collections of objects
The library also possessed various curiosities. First off, the
building of the Zaluski Library is known to the inhabitants of
Warsaw as "the House of Kings" (Dom pod Królami), because of the
busts of the sovereigns of Poland which decorate its facade.
André Zaluski bought them in 1746, from the widow of the palatine
of Lublin, Stanislaw Chomentowski.
The gallery of sculptures and paintings was found in an annex
constructed specially for this purpose. Other busts of kings and
dignitaries of the Polish kingdom were housed there. In
addition, numerous busts and sculptures in relief, as well as
medallions of scholars, decorated the principal reading room.
The print room contained a large collection of engravings, mostly
works of the principal European engravers of the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries: more than 40,000 engravings of which only
13,500 were returned to Poland before the Second World War. This
collection, as well as the collection of medals, was begun in
1731 with purchases made in Leipzig. One year afterwards, Zaluski
writes in his _Programma Litterarium_, "I am collecting medals as
well as 'kopersztychy [engravings]' that are Polish or connected
with Poland."
As for maps, it was Bruzen de la Martinière, an inhabitant of the
Hague, who gave Zaluski the collecting bug for those. Zaluski
decided to buy, in Amsterdam, 60 giant maps that he planned to
hang on the walls of his apartment.
Zaluski assembled an impressive collection of maps of Poland,
"tam veteris quam geographicarium [both ancient and geographic]".
The geographic collection was to serve the _Maximum Lexicon
Universale Historico-Polonicum [Great Universal Dictionary of the
History of Poland]_, a work planned as early as 1732.
It was his intention to include, among others, a chapter
entitled, "Topographium, veterem et recentiorum, Provinciarum,
regionum Urbium, Oppidorum, montium, fluviorum et aliorum locorum
insignium veteros sarmatiae et modernae Poloniae cum adjecta,
situs, longitudinis, distantiae et qualitatis locurum
specificatione [Topography, ancient and more recent, of
provinces, urban regions, towns, mountains, rivers, and other
significant places of ancient Sarmatia and modern Poland,
together with locations, longitudes, distances and descriptions
of places]".
Lastly, Zaluski prepared the work entitled, _Polska w obszernych
swoich wiadomosciach skrócona [Brief Description of Poland, in
Several Volumes]_, of which the first part is _Opisanie Polski
topograficzne i cywilne [Topographic and civil description of
Poland]_, including the study of the maps of Poland, ancient
Polish topographic places, rivers, bodies of water, and mountains.
As if these collections were insufficient, the Zaluski also
housed a natural history museum, with its herbaria and "other
things from the mineral, animal and vegetable kingdoms [in
Latin]"; also mathematical instruments, geometric, physical, and
astronomical. Collected principally by André, these objects did
not have the approval of Joseph, who tried to reclaim the rooms
where the collection was housed to use them for books. The
instruments were much appreciated as teaching tools, however; in
1752 it was suggested that they be used at the school for
military engineers.
From the time when the Palace was purchased, André Zaluski
planned to install "ad instar observatorii [some sort of
observatories]" in the attic, and on June 6, 1761 "well-born
ladies and noblemen" were able to observe the passage of Venus
across the sun, guided by the Jesuit Father Luskina, trained in
astronomy in Vienna and the owner of precision astronomical
instruments bought in Paris.
Personnel
When the Zaluski brothers began organizing their public library,
they had at their disposal the model of foreign libraries and
numerous manuals. This is why one finds principles valid in other
European libraries, in the organization of jobs, the rules for
the duties of librarians, and the required levels of competence.
In his letters to Joseph, elder brother André recommended several
times (1748-1754) that the positions should be occupied by three
"bibliotekariusz [librarians]" and two "adjutants [assistants]".
The manager of the library was called a "Prefect"; this position
existed from 1751. Previously the directors of the library had
the title "Secretary" or "referendarz koronny [representative of
the crown]". Later, after the death of Joseph (1774), the
directors were called "curators".
In 1746, when the library already owned 180,000 volumes, the
personnel proved insufficient; the processing backlog was
accumulating, given the rapid growth of the collection, the most
rapid among the great European libraries. In comparison, the
imperial library of Vienna, with a smaller collection than that
of the Zaluski, employed fourteen librarians in 1774. In the
best case, in Warsaw there were seven librarians.
The polyglot Joseph possessed an uncommon memory. He said, "I
know ten languages, Latin, Polish, French, Italian, German... I
understand all English, Spanish, Portugese, Dutch, and Czech
books. A certain foreign emissary has thus said of me: 'Monsignor
Zaluski could be the interpreter of the Tower of Babel'." To this
list should be added Greek and Hebrew.
As for library personnel, the Zaluskis were very demanding. They
made sure that their personnel perfected their knowledge abroad.
Familiarity with languages, knowledge of several disciplines and
classical literature, poetry writing, musical and artistic
culture (notably in painting), a good memory, professional
knowledge, an open mind, ability to perfect professional skills:
such were the principal qualities required.
The most important among the personnel was Janocki, who spent 40
years at the library. Joseph had brought him from Dresden, in
1745. In 1751 André had financed a sojourn in Dresden for him,
"that he might be a perfect librarian". It was Janocki who wrote
the biography of Joseph Zaluski, and who published several
bibliographic works based on the library's collection.
The death of Joseph Zaluski in 1774, and the Library from 1774-1795
In October 1767, Nicolas Repnin, the Russian ambassador to
Poland, unhappy with the opposition and their anti-Russian
tendencies, had several members of the Senate removed, among them
Joseph Zaluski. Joseph was imprisoned from 1767 to 1773, and he
died the following year in Warsaw.
Despite his imprisonment, for some years Zaluski was
exceptionally active intellecturally, working on the publication
of literary and scientific works: the history of his family,
bibliographies and encyclopedias, but also poems, dramas and
autobiographical narratives. From Kaluga in Siberia, he continued
to manage "his" library: among his cares were daily problems,
roof repairs, cataloging, and the work and behavior of the
librarians. One of them was strongly reprimanded by Zaluski for
his abuse of alcohol, and forcefully urged to devote more effort
to helping develop the catalog.
Zaluski especially advised concern with fire prevention: "fire,
fire, the pumps should always be ready and in good working
condition". He also watched over the completion of projects begun
before his imprisonment. In his letters he requested that all the
bills of the book agents and foreign bookstores be paid -- those
in Amsterdam, Berlin, Leipzig, Wroclaw. (5)
In his letter addressed to King Stanislas in August of January
1774, Zaluski defended the idea of founding an academy. At the
same time he declared himself ready to donate the collections of
his library, which had meanwhile been passed on to the Jesuits
for a public use, to the academy in perpetuity.
After his death the library, by public demand, came under the
personal protection of the king. Stanislas August gave the
position of director to Count Ignacy Potocki, as well as the
Komisja Edukacji Narodwej [National Education Commission]. In
fact, the library from that time on was under the authority of
that national institution.
Influence of the library
Until now the role that the Zaluski Library played in Polish
cultural and scientific life has been underestimated. It created
a true intellectual milieu by attracting not only the learned but
also all those interested in the history of Poland, its
literature and its culture.
Thanks to numerous emissaries and foreign correspondents, the
library created real scientific networks. The information agency
of Antoine Ignace Gibes, founded in the 1740s, was in operation
until 1756. Gibes received scientific news which was edited
afterwards in Warsaw, then transmitted by post horse to the
provinces; he exchanged publications and even money. This is why
Zaluski entrusted to him the administration of the Association of
Scholars, a society whose task was to send for "interesting works
published abroad". The bookseller Michel Gröll had a "kantor
[card catalog]" of addresses and sales firms, the reviews
_Warszawskie Ekstraordynaryjne Wiadomosci [Extraordinary News of
Warsaw]_, _Polish News_ (in French) and bookselling agencies not
only in Poland but abroad. In 1764 Zaluski entrusted Gröll with
the auction at the library.
The idea of a public library accessible to all was propagated
throughout Poland by the Zaluskis. Numerous private collections
owned by magnates were made public by the second half of the
eighteenth century (Radziwill, Sapieha). In 1754 Sierakowski gave
his own library to the Jesuit college in Przmeysl, financed the
construction of the library building, and the post of a
librarian, all with the condition that the library be open to the
public. In 1781 King Stanislas Auguste decided to make his
collection of books accessible to the Republic.
In 1790, a decree of the Komisja Edukacji Narodowej stipulated
that the libraries of the national schools of Cracow and Wilno be
open to the public. One year later that same "K.E.N." spoke of
the necessity of creating public libraries in the cities. In
addition, numerous ecclesiastical and academic libraries and
archive collections belonging to magnates imitated the
functioning and arrangement of the Zaluski library.
The learned of the Zaluskis' circle, through their publications,
requests for documentation, and the library's collections, helped
the spread of the modernization of education. The schools
organized their own collections and used the collection of the
Zaluski: mathematical and physical instruments, globes, etc.
Numerous school manuals were based on the library.s sources.
For some twenty years the library was the center of culture and
scientific thought in the liberal spirit. After the death of
André, the Jesuits took over the administration and control of
the library. With their arrival Joseph began to exclude some
troublesome documents.
In his research, Kozlowski presents an impressive list of the
Library's activities which had an impact on the development of
science in Poland. It suffices to emphasize the initiation of the
depository copy, of a national bibliography, of published
catalogs of printed works and manuscripts, as well as the
Library's activities in publishing and printing and documentary
research for Polish and foreign patrons.
The Dispersal of the collection
While the Zaluski brothers were still alive, some books were
given away or sold at auction, with their consent. In the 50
years of its existence, the library lost several volumes
destroyed by humidity or stolen. These losses can be enumerated
at some 15,000 to 20,000 volumes.
What became of that collection -- its sad fate -- was in total
contradiction with the will of Joseph Zaluski: "I forbid the
division, sale, or dispersion... of my library."
The Zaluski library, "transferred" to St. Petersburg as spoils of
war, served as the basis for the Imperial Public Library (opened
in 1814). During successive moves, many books were destroyed or
lost. According to the historian Joachim Lelewel, the Zaluski's
books, "could be bought at Grodno by the basket" (korzec=60
volumes). It seems that 30,000 volumes were saved from pillaging
by scholars (Tadeusz Czacki, Joachim Chreptowicz).
In the same way, in St. Petersburg the Zaluski's books
disappeared or were dispersed. Several thousand rotted in caves.
Many were sold at auction. Others were scattered among other
Russian libraries.
Some parts of the Zaluski collection came back to Poland on three
separate dates: 1842, 1863, and after the peace treaty with the
Soviets between 1923 and 1935, after Poland had regained its
independence at the end of the First World War.
It is difficult to estimate precisely the number of volumes which
were returned, since these restitutions also included documents
with provenance from other Polish collections. According to
Kozlowski about 50,000 of the Zaluski's books were returned in
all. (6) After the twentieth century restitution, books from the
Zaluski library formed the nucleus of the Polish National
Library, founded by presidential decree on February 24, 1928.
The Nazi aberration caused around sixteen million volumes to
disappear in Poland: 70 to 80% of libraries were carefully burned
by the Brandkommandos, soldiers of fire whose mission and
specialty were to burn Warsaw. In October 1944, the Krasinski
library thus disappeared, with all of its books and manuscripts
from the fifteenth to eighteenth centuries. The Rapperswil
collection did as well, with its considerable holdings on the
history of the country, which emigres had laboriously accumulated
in Switzerland until the independence of Poland in 1918 had
allowed them to install it in their own country. (7)
The collection of the Zaluski library previously returned by the
Soviets suffered the same fate at the end of the Second World
War. Some 170,000 volumes of the National Library were moved by
the order and under the protection of German officers to a "safe
place", but the Nazi troops burned them after the Insurrection of
Warsaw, in October 1944. Thus, unfortunately, the restored
portion of the Zaluski collection burned almost entirely.
Certain treasures miraculously were spared (an example of a saved
treasure -- _Rocznik Swietokryski [Swietokryski Annual]_). From
time to time, documents from the Zaluski Library, "Zalusciana",
appear in auctions.
Sources of reconstruction
Because of the consequences of this strange and tragic fate, it
is difficult to reconstruct a complete picture of the Zaluski
collection and the functioning of the library. Too many
documents, letters, archival sources, catalogs and inventories
have been lost forever. Nonetheless a partial picture can be
reconstructed thanks to secondary documents, which have preserved
the information originally found in the primary sources, among
them the documents presented at the 1933 exposition at the
National Library in Warsaw, and historical and biographical works
published between the two World Wars.
However some letters of Joseph Zaluski remain, of which only a
small part have been published. Jan Kozlowski, the Polish
historian of science and libraries, did remarkable research on
the Zaluski Library and at the time [the 1980s] made reference to
8500 letters still preserved in Warsaw. Letters addressed to
Zaluski often bear annotations, which permit a glimpse of his
dialogue and his reactions "in the heat of the moment", even if
his responses are more rare than are the letters addressed to
him. A book by Kozlowski using numerous sources scattered
throughout Poland and the rest of Europe has been announced, for
publication by the National Library in Warsaw.
--oOo--
* Maria Witt, witt_m04@yahoo.com
Expert certifié en information et documentation (LIS) ADBS
Spécialité normalisation bibliothéconomique
Original version of this paper: in French --
http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla71/papers/128f-Witt.pdf
-- and in English, translated from the French by Robert O. Steele --
http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:8WJJ_Kgth40J:www.ifla.org/IV/ifla71/papers/128e_trans-Witt.pdf+zaluski+library&hl=en
http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla71/papers/128e_trans-Witt.pdf
This paper first was presented at the World Library and
Information Congress, 2005, at Oslo, Norway (71th IFLA General
Conference), and is reproduced here with permission. Special
thanks to Jan Kozlowski and Halina Tchorzewska-Kabata for
information and documents.
Notes to Part 2:
The Death of Joseph Zaluski in 1774, and the Library 1774-1795
(5) Source: Zaluski's letters from Kaluga, analyzed by S. Roszak,
in _Biuletyn. Informacyjny Biblioteki Nardowej [Information Bulletin
of the National Library]_ (1997) no. 4.
Dispersal of the collection
(6) Before the end of the Zaluski, its collection of manuscripts
was estimated at 15,000 or 18,000 and even 20,000 volumes, and it
contained many treasures. After the underhanded transactions of
the First World War, Poland would eventually receive only 11,000
volumes of the 15,000 first claimed. Since the manuscripts of the
Zaluski remaining in St. Petersburg can be identified by the
letter "Z", that Russian librarians included in the call number,
researchers have recently found 200 manuscripts, among them 100
in French: mostly illuminated manuscripts, also listed in the
catalog of Gustave Bertrand, "Catalogue des manuscrits français à
la Bibliothèque de Saint Petersbourg [Catalogue of the French
manuscripts in the S. Petersburg Library]", in _Review of
Scholarly Societies_ (November-December 1873). The catalogs of
the manuscripts currently are being restored by the Manuscript
Department of the National Library of Warsaw.
(7) Polastron, Lucien. _Livres en feu : Histoire de la
destruction sans fin des bibliothèques [Books on fire: History of
the endless destruction of libraries]_ (Paris 2004). p. 223-224.
Selected References
Zaluski Library
* Chronological references: "Kalendarium dziejow Biblioteki
Zaluskich [Historical calendar of the Zaluski Library]", in
_Biuletyn. Informacyjny Biblioteki Narodowej_ (1997) no. 4, p. 3-4.
* Kozlowski, Jan. _Skice o dziejach Biblioteki Zaluskich
[Sketches on the history of the Zaluski Library]_ (Wroclaw:
Ossileneum, 1986).
* Kozlowski, Jan. _Mater et Magistra. Biblioteka Zaluskich w
latach 1742-1774 [Mother and Mistress: The Zaluski Library in the
years 1742-1774]_ (provisional title, forthcoming).
* "250. rocznica otwarcia w Warszawie Biblioteki Zalusich [250th
anniversary of the inauguration of the Zaluski Library]", in
_Biuletyn. Informacyjny Nardowej_ (1997) no. 4, 41 p., special
issue, with numerous bibliographic references in each article.
* _Rocznik Biblioteki Narodowej [National Library Annual]_
(Warsaw, 2001) 33/34.
* _Biblioteka Zaluskich : Corona urbis et orbis [The Zaluski
Library: Crown of the city and of the globe]_ (National Library
of Warsaw, 1997), published on the occasion of the 250th
anniversary of the inauguration of the Zaluski Library.
* "Biblioteka publiczna Zaluskich [The Zaluski Public Library]
(1747-1794)", in _Bibliographia literatury polskiej "Nowy Korbut"
[The "Nowy Korbut" Bibliography of Polish Literature]_ (Warsaw:
1966) vol. 4. "Oswiecenie [The Enlightenment]", p. 99-102, 524;
continued in vol. 6, cz 2, 1972, p. 22-23.
History of Libraries in Poland
* Bienkowska, Barbara and Chamerska, Halina. _Tysiac lat ksiazki
i bibliotek w Polsce [A Thousand years of books and libraries in
Poland]_ (Wroclaw, 1992).
* Kosmanowa, Bogumila. "Przeglad badan nad historia bibliotek w
Polsce [Overview of research about the history of Poland]", in
_Rocznik Biblioteki Narodowej_ (1980) p. 47-78, sum. 118 bib. refs.
* Kubow, Stefan. "Publications on the history of books and
libraries in Poland, 1981-1988", in _Libraries and Culture_
(1990), vol. 25, no. 1, p. 48-72.
* Kubow, Stefan. "Projects and results in library history
research performed in Poland" (1984), paper presented at the 50th
IFLA Conference at Nairobi in 1984.
* Pasziewicz, Urszula. _Bibliografia inwentarzy i katalogow
ksiegozbiorow polskich i zalozonych w Polsce do 1939
[Bibliography of catalogs and inventories of Polish libraries
before 1939]_ Contains: Institutional libraries; Public libraries.
--oOo--
Some Statistics
* Collections of printed works and manuscripts in the Zaluski
Library by language (after Kozlowski)
Printed Works Manuscripts
Latin 39% Latin > 50%
French 28% German > 10%
German 18% French > 10%
Italian 6% Multilingual > 10%
English 2% Polish ca.10%
Greek 3% Italian ca. 2.5%
Polish 2% Other ca. 1.5%
Flemish 1%
Spanish 1%
* Manuscripts by discipline
(According to the classification of the Imperial Library of St.
Petersburg, after Kozlowski)
Theology 34.9% Classics 0.5%
History 11.3% Natural history 0.4%
Law 9.7% Physics 0.3%
Philosophy 8.1% Calligraphy 0.2%
Polygraphy 7.5% Liberal arts 0.1%
Poetry 6.4%
Rhetoric 5.0%
Medicine 3.9%
History of literature 3.8%
Mathematics 3.5%
Music 1.8%
Linguistics 1.5%
Chemistry 0.6%
Technology 0.5%
* Overview of the current state of the Zaluski collections in
Polish libraries
Printed works:
12,000 -- Library of the University of Warsaw
7,000-8,000 -- National Library
Isolated printed works in the majority of large public or private
libraries, for example:
Public, Seminary (Warsaw)
Jagiellonska Library (Cracow)
Ossolineum, Library of the University of Wroclaw (Wroclaw)
Manuscripts:
2000 -- National Library of Warsaw
46 AGAD
Isolated manuscripts in these libraries:
Czatoryski, Jagiellonska (Cracow), Ossolineum (Wroclaw)
Correspondence:
8,500 letters of Joseph Zaluski (from the period
1724-1773) -- National Library
--oOo--
** And note the following, just announced:**
Soyez les bienvenus au
Centre de l'Académie Polonaise des Sciences
74, rue Lauriston - 75116 Paris
*le 24 novembre 2005, 19h30 (jeudi)*
Conférence: "La vie étrange de l'une des plus grandes
bibliothèques européennes XVIIIe siècle ; la collection
Zaluski à Varsovie"
par M. Maria Witt (Université Paris X Nanterre).
Entrée libre. Réservation conseillée
par tél. : 01.56.90.18.34
par fax : 01.47.55.46.97
ou par mail : sekretariat.parispan@free.fr
http://www.academie-polonaise.org/fr/aktualnosci.html
--oOo--
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