[11621] in Public-Access_Computer_Systems_Forum
20 Year Price List from 3 Day UCLA Extension Document Imaging Course
daemon@ATHENA.MIT.EDU (Steve Gilheany)
Wed Sep 3 20:13:27 1997
Date: Wed, 03 Sep 1997 19:02:43 -0500
From: Steve Gilheany <SteveGilheany@worldnet.att.net>
To: PACS-L@LISTSERV.UH.EDU
Reply-To: Public-Access Computer Systems Forum <PACS-L@LISTSERV.UH.EDU>
----------------------------Original message----------------------------
----------
20 Year Price List from 3 Day UCLA Extension Document Imaging Course
-------
Course Handout on the Cost of 1 TeraByte of Magnetic Disk Storage ov=
er the
next 20 years.
-------
20 Year Price List for the Cost of 1 TeraByte of Magnetic Disk Storag=
e (*1)
1994 $1,000,000.00
1995 $400,000.00
1996 $160,000.00
1997 $64,000.00
1998 $25,600.00
1999 $10,240.00
2000 $4,096.00
2001 $1,638.40
2002 $655.36
2003 $262.14
2004 $104.86
2005 $41.94
2006 $16.78
2007 $6.71
2008 $2.68
2009 $1.07
2010 $0.43
2011 $0.17
2012 $0.07
2013 $0.03
2014 $0.01
2015 $0.00
-------
Meta-Notes
-------
To the people who requested that I post this, thanks for your interes=
t.
To the people who offered suggestions and information, thanks for you=
r
support.
Trademarks are the property of their respective holders. No warranty=
of
any type is expressed or implied.
Please see the note at the end for cross listing of this posting.
Please consider using some or all of this posting in your newsletter =
with a
note as to where it came from.
Please email me your comments.
If you receive questions on the accuracy or applicability of these
estimates or have questions yourself, please email me.
These listings, along with Microsoft Word, Excel, and Power Point (40=
0
slides) files will be posted at www.ArchiveBuilders.com after Septemb=
er 5,
1997 under Course Notes. All of the information for these two one-pa=
ge
handouts is here, except the formatting information.
-------
Course Handout on the Cost of 1 TeraByte of Magnetic Disk Storage ov=
er the
next 20 years.
-------
(This table is best viewed in a 9 point Courier font after being past=
ed
into a word processor.)
20 Year Price List for Cost of 1 TeraByte of Magnetic Disk Storage
---------------------------------------------------------------------=
--
! ! ! ! !
!Cost to Store!Cost to Store !Cost to Store !Cost to Store ! Cos=
t
Year!2 Thousand !1 Million !1 Thousand !One ! to
!File Cabinets!Pages !Pages !Page ! Stor=
e
!(1 TeraByte) !(50 GigaBytes)!(50 MegaBytes)!(50 KiloBytes)!1 TBy=
te
! ! ! ! !
---------------------------------------------------------------------=
--
! ! ! ! !
!-60% per year! -60% per year! -60% per year! -60% per year!-60%/=
yr
! ! ! ! !
! *1 ! *1 ! *1 ! *1 ! *1
---------------------------------------------------------------------=
--
! ! ! ! !
1994 $1,000,000.00! $50,000.00 !$50.00 ! $0.05 $1,000,000.=
00
1995 $400,000.00! $20,000.00 !$20.00 ! $0.02 $400,000.=
00
1996 $160,000.00! $8,000.00 ! $8.00 ! $0.01 $160,000.=
00
1997 $64,000.00! $3,200.00 ! $3.20 ! $0.003 $64,000.=
00
1998 $25,600.00! $1,280.00 ! $1.28 ! $0.001 $25,600.=
00
1999 $10,240.00! $512.00 ! $0.51 ! $0.001 $10,240.=
00
2000 $4,096.00! $204.80 ! $0.20 ! $0.0002 $4,096.=
00
2001 $1,638.40! $81.92 ! $0.08 ! $0.0001 $1,638.=
40
2002 $655.36! $32.77 ! $0.03 ! $0.00003 $655.=
36
2003 $262.14! $13.11 ! $0.01 ! $0.00001 $262.=
14
2004 $104.86! $5.24 ! $0.01 ! $0.00001 $104.=
86
2005 $41.94! $2.10 ! $0.002 ! $0.000002 $41.=
94
2006 $16.78! $0.84 ! $0.001 ! $0.000001 $16.=
78
2007 $6.71! $0.34 ! $0.0003 ! $0.0000003 $6.=
71
2008 $2.68! $0.13 ! $0.0001 ! $0.0000001 $2.=
68
2009 $1.07! $0.05 ! $0.0001 ! $0.0000001 $1.=
07
2010 $0.43! $0.02 ! $0.00002 ! $0.00000002 $0.=
43
2011 $0.17! $0.01 ! $0.00001 ! $0.00000001 $0.=
17
2012 $0.07! $0.003 ! $0.000003 ! $0.000000003 $0.=
07
2013 $0.03! $0.001 ! $0.000001 ! $0.000000001 $0.=
03
2014 $0.01! $0.001 ! $0.000001 ! $0.000000001 $0.=
01
2015 $0.00! $0.000 ! $0.000000 ! $0.000000000 $0.=
00
*1 The current rate of decline in magnetic disk storage costs is bas=
ed on
prices over the last eight years. IBM's magnetoresistive head techno=
logy
[that underlies IBM's influence on disk prices], has been increasing =
the
areal bit density of magnetic disks at a rate of 60 percent per year =
since
1989*. IBM projects that the 60 percent rate will continue for the
foreseeable future*. IBM's laboratory results confirm this rate unti=
l at
least the year 2000. And, while costs are decreasing, reliability ha=
s
increased to a disk drive MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures) of 1,000,=
000
hours.*[*Source: The Era of Magnetoresistive Heads, Ed Grochowski, IB=
M
Research Division, Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA., 1994]
The historic rate of decline in magnetic disk storage cost is based o=
n the
5 MegaByte RAMAC disk drive introduced by IBM in June, 1957, at a mon=
thly
rental of $3,200.00*(in 1957 dollars), and on 1994 disk prices. The
decline from the 1957 RAMAC cost of $100,000 per MByte (Adjusted to 1=
994
dollars, and adjusted for IBM's historic desire to rent rather than s=
ell),
to the cost of $ 1 per MByte for drives available in 1994, represents=
a
decline of 27 percent per year for 37 years.[*Source: IBM's Early
Computers, by Charles J. Bashe, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1986.]
{The storage MTBF (a component of system availability) of a document
management system can be increased to the level desired through the u=
se of
RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks) technology. R=
ev 22=20
Archive Builders
--------
Course Handout on Computer Storage Requirements by Document Type
--------
[N.B. these estimates will help you size your system. After you have
scanned in from 1 to 10 percent of your documents, you will know quit=
e
precisely how your documents match these estimates and you can apply =
a
conversion factor. For example, if your images are ten percent small=
er
than these estimates, on average, multiply your storage estimates by =
90
percent. Because storage costs are a small part of overall conversi=
on
costs, these slight variations are generally not a problem in plannin=
g.]
1 scanned page (8 1/2 by 11 inches) (CCITT G4 compressed) =3D 50 Kil=
oBytes=20
(KByte) (on average)
1 file cabinet (4 drawer) (10,000 pages on average) =3D 500 MegaBytes=
(MByte)
=3D 1 CD ROM
2 file cabinets =3D 1,000 MBytes =3D 1 GigaByte (GByte); 10 file cab=
inets =3D 1
DVD (see below)
2,000 file cabinets =3D 1,000 GBytes =3D 1 TeraByte (TByte); 2,000 f=
ile
cabinets =3D 200 DVDs
1 banker's box (2,500 pages) =3D 1 file drawer =3D 2 linear feet of f=
iles =3D 125
MBytes
8 banker's boxes =3D 16 linear feet =3D 1 GByte; 8,000 boxes =3D 16=
,000 linear
feet =3D 1 TByte
1 roll of 16 mm microfilm (100 ft) =3D 2,500 letter size images =3D 1=
banker's
box =3D 125 MBytes
1 roll of 35 mm microfilm (100 ft) =3D 5,000 letter size images (or l=
etter
size image equivalents) =3D 250 MBytes
1 microfiche (average) =3D 100 letter size images; 200 fiche =3D 20,0=
00 images
=3D 1 GByte
[N.B. In many record series, microfiche contain only a few images be=
cause
each fiche represents a single record in the series. In this case fi=
lming
breaks on record boundaries, rather than being continuous. To a less=
er
extent this is also true for roll film. In these cases, the amount o=
f
storage required depends on the number of images on the film, not the
number of microfiche or the number of rolls of film.]
Scanned aperture card images require the same storage as the document=
or
drawing in the aperture would require at its physical, one-to-one,
full-size, un-microphotographed size.
1 E size drawing (48 inches by 36 inches) =3D 16 letter size pages (8=
1/2 by
11 inches);=20
[D size =3D 8 pages; C size =3D 4 pages; B size =3D 2 pages; A size =
=3D 1 page
//old E size 48 x 36 in., new E size 44 x 34 in. (A0 size is the ISO
European size equivalent nomenclature for E size), D size (A1) 34 x 2=
2, C
size (A2) 22 x 17, B size (A3) 11 x 17, A size (A4) 8=BD x 11 // F si=
ze 28 x
40, Roll sizes: G size 11 x 22 =BD to 11 x 90, H size 28 x 44 to 28 x=
143, J
size 34 x 56 to 34 by 176, K size 40 x 56 to 40 x 143 in. // For
newspapers, a double truck (center fold) full broadsheet is 24 x 36 i=
nches,
equivalent to an old D size drawing.]
1 hour compressed color video =3D 2 GBytes (DVD, MPEG 2) (image quali=
ty
dependent)
1 hour audio =3D 10 MBytes (dictation, answering machine) to 500 MByt=
es (a CD
holds 74 minutes of music)
1 color picture =3D 10 KBytes (thumbnail) to 5 MBytes (for each of 10=
0 photos
on a 500 MByte photo CD)
[N.B. The size of the compressed file for a scanned photograph depend=
s on
the resolution (DPI: Dots Per Inch) and the detail (information) in t=
he
photograph. The detail in a photograph is dependent on the size of t=
he
negative and the quality of the film and the camera and lens (It is n=
ot
related to the print size unless the print is smaller than the negati=
ve).=20
The resolution of the scan should be chosen to match the detail of th=
e
photograph. For most cameras, films, and formats 35 mm and smaller, =
the 5
MByte Photo CD format (3,072 by 2,048 pixels) captures all the inform=
ation
in the image. N.B. this is in dots per image rather than dots per in=
ch.]
1 Chest X-ray =3D 1 MegaByte (14 x 17 inches), 150 DPI (Dots Per Inch=
), 12
bits (compressed)
[(12 bits per pixel, provides 4,096 shades of grey) (wavlet compressi=
on,
lossless mode, has FDA 510(k) approval) / (150 DPI, 12 bit images
recommended by American College of Radiology for primary reads) / 14 =
x 17
Chest X-ray =3D200 KiloBytes (for secondary reads: wavlet compression=
, lossy
mode, has FDA 510(k) approval)]
1 Byte (B)(common usage) =3D 8 bits (b) =3D 1 character; 1 Unicode B=
yte =3D 16
bits =3D 1 character
[1,000 Bytes =3D~ (~ about) 1 KiloByte; 1,000 KBytes =3D~ 1 MegaByte;=
1,000
MBytes =3D~ 1 GigaByte; 1,000 GBytes =3D~ 1 TeraByte; 1,000 TBytes =
=3D~ 1
PetaByte; 1,000 PBytes =3D~ 1 ExaByte]
Modem =3D 33 Kbit per second =3D 2 pages per minute (~$30.00 per mont=
h for a
standard phone line)
ISDN (1 voice channel) =3D 56 Kbit per second =3D 5 pages per minute =
(~$50.00
per month)(ISDN charge)
T1 (24 voice channels) =3D 1.544 Mbit per second =3D 3 pages per seco=
nd
(~$1,000.00 per month)
Ethernet (CSMA/CD) =3D 1 Mbit per second (effective) or 10 Mbit per s=
econd
(nominal) =3D 2 pages per second
OC3 ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) =3D 155 Mbit per second =3D 300 =
pages per
second
OC192 (SONET optical fiber) =3D 10 Gbit per second =3D 20,000 pages (=
2 file
cabinets) per second
Optical carrier frequency =3D 400 THz (40,000 cycles used for every O=
C192 bit
transmitted)
[N.B. Spelling out Byte and bit whenever used considerably reduces
confusion as files stored as Bytes are transmitted as bits.]
1 DVD (Digital Video Disk) (same physical size as a CD ROM) =3D 7.4 =
GByte
(WORM)
[(WORM: Write Once, Read Many) (2 sided, 1 layer per side); =3D 5.2 G=
Byte RAM
or RW (overwrite, rewrite) (2 sided, 1 layer per side); =3D 17 GBytes=
(ROM)
(2 sided, 2 layers per side). Multimedia: 5 channel (theater quality
surround sound)(5.1, Dolby AC-3) / 96 KHz / 24 bit audio, 8 languages=
, 32
subtitles, and about 135 minutes (long enough to accommodate 94% of a=
ll
movies) of high quality (720 horizontal lines) video on each of 4 lay=
ers.=20
The file format is ISO 13346 UDF (Universal Disk Format) which harmon=
izes
all CD recording standards including ISO 9660. Available in 1996. A
future technology, 3rd generation blue lasers [sort of a blue light
special], should yield a 40 GByte ROM for HDTV.]
1 pulp tree (loblolly pine) =3D 1/10th cord of wood =3D 10,000 pages =
=3D 1 File
Cabinet =3D 4 banker's boxes =3D 1/2 GByte
[1 lumber tree (20 inch diameter, 110 ft tall, 50 years old) =3D 1 co=
rd, 10
pulp tree (8 in. dia., 50 ft tall, 20 yrs old) =3D 1 cord, 1 cord =
=3D 4 x 4 x 8
ft =3D 128 cubic ft (75 cubic feet of wood)]
1 wordprocessor or OCR'ed (Optical Character Recognition) page =3D 5 =
KBytes
(all pages listed above are scanned pages)
1 compressed page of COLD (Computer Output to Laser Disk) or COOL (Co=
mputer
Output On-Line) =3D 1 KBytes
Minimum commercial scanning cost for backfile conversion (more than 1
million pages) ~ 5 cents per page
Search by:=20
Database entry/Unique identifier
Full text/Fuzzy search
Nested folders/Aliased folders
Concept/Thesaurus search
Document structure (SGML)
Hyperlink traversal/annotation
Email{ed}link/Workflow link
Card catalog/Finding aid
Sequential search/Date scanned
Log of reading history/Date entered
Bibliography/Citation counts
ActiveX (Object Link) link
Spatial /Temporal coordinates (GIS)
Internet agents/Popularity chart
Time Code (SMPTE)/GPS orientation
Image Matching / Image Analysis
Thumb Print / Physiological ID
Combination of any or all of the above
The raster image is the image of record: (OCR'ed/vectorized images
constitute re-authoring/re-engineering)
Rev 30
http://www.ArchiveBuilders.com SteveGilheany@ArchiveBuilders.com 1147
Manhattan Avenue, Suite 322, Manhattan Beach, CA 90266 Tel: (310) 937=
-7000
Fax: (310) 937-7001
-----
Course Description
-----
The above are two of the one-page handouts for the following course:
UCLA Extension will present a three day class on Document Imaging and
Document Management in Downtown Los Angeles at the World Trade Center=
, next
to the Westin Bonaventure Hotel (800) 228-3000 (213) 624-1000 [Many o=
ther
motels and hotels are available.] The dates are September 25, 26, and=
27,
Thursday, Friday, and Saturday. To
accommodate fly-in students, the class meets from 1 PM to 9 PM on Thu=
rsday
and Friday, and from 9 AM to 5:00 PM on Saturday. The fee is $375.00=
.=20
This course is for managers who have been assigned to specify, instal=
l or
manage a document imaging system. Students will learn about the tech=
nology
of scanning, importing, transmitting, storing, protecting, locating,
retrieving, viewing, and printing documents.. Image and document for=
mats,
multimedia, rich text, GIS (Geographic Information Systems), CAD (Com=
puter
Aided Design), and image enabled databases will be discussed. The co=
urse
also covers the integration of the DVD, DirecTV, DirecPC, Cable, Tele=
phony,
the Internet and PC. UCLA Extension registration is (310) 825-9971. =
Ask
for course X 814.14, registration number B4004. For information, ple=
ase
contact the instructor, at SteveGilheany@ArchiveBuilders.com. (310)
937-7000. Instructor: Steve Gilheany, BA CS, MBA, MLS Specialization =
in
Information Science, CDIA (Certified Document Imaging System Architec=
t),
Sr. Systems Engineer, Archive Builders. =20
The following is offered to reduce duplication: This posting has been=
cross
listed on the following lists: ALA-LITA-L, Archives, DigLib, DigLib-n=
s,=20
DPRA, ERECS-L, HIM-L, ImageLib, PACS-L, RecMgmt, and SLA-DITA. If you=
can
suggest other lists that might have readers that are interested in th=
e
topic, please let me know and I will subscribe to those lists and pos=
t this
message to those lists. If you can post it more easily than I can, p=
lease
let me know and I will ask one person to post it to each list
Steve Gilheany
Tel: (310) 937-4757 Fax: (310) 937-4758
SteveGilheany@worldnet.att.net
