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He was awful in bed until he ate this

daemon@ATHENA.MIT.EDU (Cleo Chestnut)
Fri Nov 11 20:00:45 2016

Date: Fri, 11 Nov 2016 18:07:39 -0500
From: "Cleo Chestnut" <cleo_chestnut@llighthawk.com>
To:   <sipbv6-mtg@charon2.mit.edu>

------=_Part_856_2027101263.1478905644775
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sipbv6-mtg

Top Product Of 2016

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ith this all-natural recipe

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If you are More old-Fashioned, you could use the Traditional Method and Send a Postcard to: 2417 S 15th St Lincoln NE 68502-3637=20



















Investigating an incident that occurred hundreds of millions of miles away =
can be tricky. But with a little help from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbit=
er, European Space Agency officials are getting closer to figuring out exac=
tly what happened with their Mars lander, Schiaparelli.

A week after the site was photographed in black and white, NASA's orbiter p=
assed over the site again, taking new color photographs. The images have be=
en pieced together, providing a view of the entire impact site and helping =
to clear up some speculations. Fragments of the lander are visible, support=
ing the hypothesis that the lander crashed, while photos of the rear heat s=
hield suggest it burned as expected.

The images are the latest clue in the evolving mystery of what, exactly, ha=
ppened to Schiaparelli. The landing was always intended as a test of the ES=
A technology, which had been developed to cope with the unique challenges o=
f landing on Mars. Figuring out what went wrong will allow scientists to ad=
dress the problem =C3=A2=E2=82=AC=E2=80=9D which some suggest was a softwar=
e glitch =C3=A2=E2=82=AC=E2=80=9D before the next ESA mission to Mars, sche=
duled for 2020.
TAKE THE QUIZ


** Test your scientific literacy!
------------------------------------------------------------

Schiaparelli was equipped with a range of high-tech hardware and software t=
o help it navigate the descent to the surface of the Red Planet. A parachut=
e and thrusters were installed to help it slow down after entering Mars' at=
mosphere.
TAKE THE QUIZTest your scientific literacy!
PHOTOS OF THE DAY Photos of the weekend

The lander was much too far away to be controlled manually from Earth. It t=
akes at least 26 minutes for signals to make a round trip, while the descen=
t lasts just six minutes. So an advanced computer was deployed to run the l=
anding automatically.

But all did not go as planned. Schiaparelli lost contact with Earth, and bl=
ack and white images taken by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter showed wha=
t appears to be a new crater on the planet's surface. ESA scientists said t=
hat the impact crater was consistent with Schiaparelli crashing into the gr=
ound at 186 miles per hour.

The new color photos appear to corroborate that theory. The bright white sp=
ots around the dark region identified as the crash site appear in both sets=
 of photos, for instance, allowing the ESA to conclude that they are "most =
likely to be fragments of Schiaparelli," rather than image "noise."

Images of the rear heat shield, meanwhile, show a pattern of bright and dar=
k patches. This seems to indicate that the heat shield performed as expecte=
d: "the external layer of insulation has burned away in some parts and not =
others."

The parachute appears to have shifted in the wind, the new photos show. The=
 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter previously observed something similar happenin=
g to Curiosity's parachute, so this, too, is as expected.

But scientists looking at the black and white photos highlighted the locati=
on of the parachute and heatshield, saying their distance from the new crat=
er is consistent with both pieces being ejected sooner in the descent than =
they should have been. That adds up to a picture of confused landing softwa=
re causing Schiaparelli's demise.

"Fundamentally there's a software issue here between the radar and the on-b=
oard computer system," Mark McCaughrean, a senior science advisor at ESA, t=
old the Associated Press. "The radar was giving inconsistent info on where =
it was."

The good news is, it shouldn't be impossible to fix.

"As it is, we have one part that works very well and one part that didn't w=
ork as we expected," Jorge Vago, project scientist for ExoMars, told Nature=
 after the earlier photos were released. "The silver lining is that we thin=
k we have in hand the necessary information to fix the problem." The new ph=
otos will help with that.

The ESA said that its probe into the incident should be completed by the en=
d of November. An independent inquiry board has also been initiated.


** Time to adapt: 2015's record-breaking temperatures will be normal by 203=
0
------------------------------------------------------------
OPINION
The Conversation
By Sophie Lewis, ANU

Updated 20 minutes ago
PHOTO: Bushfires like this in WA's Kimberley in September will become more =
widespread. (Supplied: Australian Wildlife Conservancy)
RELATED STORY: Seven experts on the Paris climate treaty entering into forc=
e
RELATED STORY: Pacific islands kick off global climate deal, Australia yet =
to join
RELATED STORY: What's ahead for the climate? BOM, CSIRO experts forecast tr=
ends
MAP: Australia

Generation Y has grown up in a rapidly warming world. According to the US N=
ational Climate Data Centre, every month since February 1985 has seen above=
 average global temperatures, compared with the twentieth century. I have n=
o memories of a "normal" month.

2016 is on track to be the hottest year on record, surpassing the previous =
records set in 2015 and in 2014. These are just a few of the flurry of rece=
nt record temperatures, which includes Australia's hottest day, week, month=
, season and year.

The question now is what the future will look like. At some point in the de=
cades to come, these record-breaking temperatures will not be rare; they wi=
ll become normal. But when exactly?

In a new study just released in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological=
 Society, I (together with co-authors Andrew King and Sarah Perkins-Kirkpat=
rick) find that on the current greenhouse gas emissions trajectory, global =
temperatures like 2015 will by normal by 2030, and Australia's record-break=
ing 2013 summer will likely be an average summer by 2035.

While we still have time to delay some of these changes, others are already=
 locked in - cutting emissions will make no difference - so we must also ad=
apt to a warmer world.

This should be a sobering thought as world leaders gather in Marrakech to b=
egin work on achieving the Paris Agreement which came into force last week.


** Today's extremes, tomorrow's normal
------------------------------------------------------------

The recent record-breaking temperatures have often been described as the "n=
ew normal". For example, after the new global temperature record was set in=
 2016, these high temperatures were described as a new normal.

What is a new normal for our climate? The term has been used broadly in the=
 media and in scientific literature to make sense of climate change. Put si=
mply, we should get used to extremes temperatures, because our future will =
be extreme.


** Extreme heat events increasing
------------------------------------------------------------
The duration, frequency and intensity of extreme heat events have increased=
 across large parts of Australia. National science reporter Jake Sturmer pi=
cks out the key elements of the 2016 State of the Climate report.

But without a precise definition, a new normal is limited and difficult to =
understand. If 2015 was a new normal for global temperatures, what does it =
mean if 2017, 2018, or 2019 are cooler?

In our study we defined the new normal as the point in time when at least h=
alf the following 20 years are warmer than 2015's record breaking global te=
mperatures.

We examined extreme temperatures in a number of state-of-the-art climate mo=
dels from an international scientific initiative. We also explored how diff=
erent future greenhouse gas emissions impact temperatures.

We used four different greenhouse gas scenarios, known as Representative Co=
ncentration Pathways, or RCPs. These range from a business-as-usual situati=
on (RCP8.5) to a major cut to emissions (RCP2.6).

It is worth emphasising that real-world emissions are tracking above those =
covered by these hypothetical storylines.
INFOGRAPHIC: 2015's record temperatures will likely become normal between 2=
020 and 2030. (Supplied)


** Future extremes
------------------------------------------------------------

Our findings were straightforward. 2015's record-breaking temperatures will=
 be the new normal between 2020 and 2030 according to most of the climate m=
odels we analysed. We expect within a decade or so that 2015's record tempe=
ratures will likely be average or cooler than average.

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          <div style=3D"color: rgb(63,62,65);font-family: 'Big Caslon', 'Book Antiqua', 'Palatino Linotype', Georgia, serif; font-size:=
10px;">
           <div id=3D"story-body2">
            <p>Investigating an incident that occurred hundreds of millions=
 of miles away can be tricky. But with a little help from NASA's Mars Recon=
naissance Orbiter, European Space Agency officials are getting closer to fi=
guring out exactly what happened with their Mars lander, Schiaparelli.</p>
            <p>A week after the site was photographed in black and white, N=
ASA's orbiter passed over the site again, taking new color photographs. The=
 images have been pieced together, providing a view of the entire impact si=
te and helping to clear up some speculations. Fragments of the lander are v=
isible, supporting the hypothesis that the lander crashed, while photos of =
the rear heat shield suggest it burned as expected.</p>
            <p>The images are the latest clue in the evolving mystery of wh=
at, exactly, happened to Schiaparelli. The landing was always intended as a=
 test of the ESA technology, which had been developed to cope with the uniq=
ue challenges of landing on Mars. Figuring out what went wrong will allow s=
cientists to address the problem &acirc;??&nbsp; which some suggest was a s=
oftware glitch&nbsp; &acirc;?? before the next ESA mission to Mars, schedul=
ed for 2020.</p>
            <div>
             <div>
              <div></div>
              <div>
               <div>
                TAKE THE QUIZ
               </div>
               <h3>Test your scientific literacy!</h3>
              </div>
             </div>
            </div>
            <p>Schiaparelli was equipped with a range of high-tech hardware=
 and software to help it navigate the descent to the surface of the Red Pla=
net. A parachute and thrusters were installed to help it slow down after en=
tering Mars' atmosphere.</p>
            <div id=3D"story-embed-column2">
             <div id=3D"story-inset-2">
              <div>
               <div></div>
               <div>
                TAKE THE QUIZTest your scientific literacy!
               </div>
              </div>
             </div>
             <div id=3D"story-inset-3">
              <div>
               <div></div>
               <div>
                PHOTOS OF THE DAY&nbsp; Photos of the weekend
               </div>
              </div>
             </div>
            </div>
            <p>The lander was much too far away to be controlled manually f=
rom Earth. It takes at least 26 minutes for signals to make a round trip, w=
hile the descent lasts just six minutes. So an advanced computer was deploy=
ed to run the landing automatically.</p>
            <p>But all did not go as planned. Schiaparelli lost contact wit=
h Earth, and black and white images taken by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orb=
iter showed what appears to be a new crater on the planet's surface. ESA sc=
ientists said that the impact crater was consistent with Schiaparelli crash=
ing into the ground at 186 miles per hour.</p>
            <p>The new color photos appear to corroborate that theory. The =
bright white spots around the dark region identified as the crash site appe=
ar in both sets of photos, for instance, allowing the ESA to conclude that =
they are &quot;most likely to be fragments of Schiaparelli,&quot; rather th=
an image &quot;noise.&quot;</p>
            <p>Images of the rear heat shield, meanwhile, show a pattern of=
 bright and dark patches. This seems to indicate that the heat shield perfo=
rmed as expected: &quot;the external layer of insulation has burned away in=
 some parts and not others.&quot;&nbsp; </p>
            <p>The parachute appears to have shifted in the wind, the new p=
hotos show. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter previously observed something s=
imilar happening to Curiosity's parachute, so this, too, is as expected.&nb=
sp; </p>
            <p>But scientists looking at the black and white photos highlig=
hted the location of the parachute and heatshield, saying their distance fr=
om the new crater is consistent with both pieces being ejected sooner in th=
e descent than they should have been. That adds up to a picture of confused=
 landing software causing Schiaparelli's demise.</p>
            <p>&quot;Fundamentally&nbsp; there's a software issue here&nbsp=
; between the radar and the on-board computer system,&quot; Mark McCaughrea=
n, a senior science advisor at ESA, told the Associated Press. &quot;The ra=
dar was giving inconsistent info on where it was.&quot;</p>
            <p>The good news is, it shouldn't be impossible to fix.</p>
            <p>&quot;As it is, we have one part that works very well and on=
e part that didn't work as we expected,&quot; Jorge Vago, project scientist=
 for ExoMars, told Nature after the earlier photos were released. &quot;The=
 silver lining is that we think we have in hand&nbsp; the necessary informa=
tion to fix the problem.&quot; The new photos will help with that.</p>
            <p>The ESA said that its probe into the incident&nbsp; should b=
e completed by the end of November. An independent inquiry board has also b=
een initiated.&nbsp; </p>
           </div>
           <div data-config-distributor-id=3D"90962" data-config-height=3D"=
349" data-config-legacy-embed-url=3D"http://embed.newsinc.com/single/iframe=
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           <p><br /></p>
           <h1>Time to adapt: 2015's record-breaking temperatures will be n=
ormal by 2030</h1>OPINION
           <div>
            <div>
             The Conversation&nbsp;=20
            </div>By Sophie Lewis, ANU
           </div>
           <p>Updated&nbsp; 20 minutes ago</p>
           <div>
            PHOTO:&nbsp; Bushfires like this in WA's Kimberley in September=
 will become more widespread.&nbsp; (Supplied: Australian Wildlife Conserva=
ncy)
           </div>
           <div>
            <div>
             RELATED STORY:&nbsp; Seven experts on the Paris climate treaty=
 entering into force
            </div>
            <div>
             RELATED STORY:&nbsp; Pacific islands kick off global climate d=
eal, Australia yet to join
            </div>
            <div>
             RELATED STORY:&nbsp; What's ahead for the climate? BOM, CSIRO =
experts forecast trends
            </div>
            <div>
             MAP:&nbsp; Australia
            </div>
           </div>
           <p>Generation Y has grown up in a rapidly warming world. Accordi=
ng to the&nbsp; US National Climate Data Centre, every month since February=
 1985 has seen above average global temperatures, compared with the twentie=
th century. I have no memories of a &quot;normal&quot; month.</p>
           <p>2016 is on track to be&nbsp; the hottest year on record, surp=
assing the&nbsp; previous records&nbsp; set in 2015 and in 2014. These are =
just a few of the flurry of&nbsp; recent record temperatures, which include=
s Australia's hottest day, week, month, season and year.</p>
           <p>The question now is what the future will look like. At some p=
oint in the decades to come, these record-breaking temperatures will not be=
 rare; they will become normal. But when exactly?</p>
           <p>In a&nbsp; new study&nbsp; just released in the Bulletin of t=
he American Meteorological Society, I (together with co-authors Andrew King=
 and Sarah Perkins-Kirkpatrick) find that on the current greenhouse gas emi=
ssions trajectory, global temperatures like 2015 will by normal by 2030, an=
d Australia's record-breaking 2013 summer will likely be an average summer =
by 2035.</p>
           <p>While we still have time to delay some of these changes, othe=
rs are already locked in - cutting emissions will make no difference - so w=
e must also adapt to a warmer world.</p>
           <p>This should be a sobering thought as world leaders gather in =
Marrakech to begin work on achieving the Paris Agreement&nbsp; which came i=
nto force last week.</p>
           <h2>Today's extremes, tomorrow's normal</h2>
           <p>The recent record-breaking temperatures have often been&nbsp;=
 described as the &quot;new normal&quot;. For example, after the new global=
 temperature record was set in 2016, these high temperatures were&nbsp; des=
cribed as a new normal.</p>
           <p>What is a new normal for our climate? The term has been used =
broadly in the media and in scientific literature to make sense of climate =
change. Put simply, we should get used to extremes temperatures, because ou=
r future will be extreme.</p>
           <div>
            <div>
             <h2>Extreme heat events increasing</h2>
             <br />The duration, frequency and intensity of extreme heat ev=
ents have increased across large parts of Australia. National science repor=
ter Jake Sturmer picks out the key elements of the 2016 State of the Climat=
e report.
            </div>
           </div>
           <p>But without a precise definition, a new normal is limited and=
 difficult to understand. If 2015 was a new normal for global temperatures,=
 what does it mean if 2017, 2018, or 2019 are cooler?</p>
           <p>In our study we defined the new normal as the point in time w=
hen at least half the following 20 years are warmer than 2015's record brea=
king global temperatures.</p>
           <p>We examined extreme temperatures in a number of&nbsp; state-o=
f-the-art climate models&nbsp; from an international scientific initiative.=
 We also explored how different future greenhouse gas emissions impact temp=
eratures.</p>
           <p>We used four different greenhouse gas scenarios, known as Rep=
resentative Concentration Pathways, or RCPs. These range from a business-as=
-usual situation (RCP8.5) to a major cut to emissions (RCP2.6).</p>
           <p>It is worth emphasising that&nbsp; real-world emissions&nbsp;=
 are tracking above those covered by these hypothetical storylines.</p>
           <div>
            INFOGRAPHIC:&nbsp; 2015's record temperatures will likely becom=
e normal between 2020 and 2030.&nbsp; (Supplied)
           </div>
           <h2>Future extremes</h2>
           <p>Our findings were straightforward. 2015's record-breaking tem=
peratures will be the new normal between 2020 and 2030 according to most of=
 the climate models we analysed. We expect within a decade or so that 2015'=
s record temperatures will likely be average or cooler than average.</p>
           <div></div>
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