[23937] in Perl-Users-Digest
Perl-Users Digest, Issue: 6138 Volume: 10
daemon@ATHENA.MIT.EDU (Perl-Users Digest)
Mon Feb 16 00:05:56 2004
Date: Sun, 15 Feb 2004 21:05:08 -0800 (PST)
From: Perl-Users Digest <Perl-Users-Request@ruby.OCE.ORST.EDU>
To: Perl-Users@ruby.OCE.ORST.EDU (Perl-Users Digest)
Perl-Users Digest Sun, 15 Feb 2004 Volume: 10 Number: 6138
Today's topics:
Re: A Newbie Array Problem <iamdownloading@yahoo.com>
Re: Choosing grouping of split items <uri@stemsystems.com>
Re: configure problem <kalinaubears@iinet.net.au>
Re: configure problem <usenet@morrow.me.uk>
Re: configure problem <kalinaubears@iinet.net.au>
Confused by hashes/data structures (Ian Petts)
Re: Confused by hashes/data structures <drumspoorly@reachone.net>
Re: Confused by hashes/data structures <invalid-email@rochester.rr.com>
Re: Confused by hashes/data structures <usenet@morrow.me.uk>
Re: Confused by hashes/data structures <usenet@morrow.me.uk>
Re: Confused by hashes/data structures <invalid-email@rochester.rr.com>
Re: Confused by hashes/data structures <dwall@fastmail.fm>
Re: Confused by hashes/data structures <drumspoorly@reachone.net>
Digest Administrivia (Last modified: 6 Apr 01) (Perl-Users-Digest Admin)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Date: 15 Feb 2004 21:07:00 -0600
From: Down Loader <iamdownloading@yahoo.com>
Subject: Re: A Newbie Array Problem
Message-Id: <403033d4$1_1@127.0.0.1>
"gnari" <gnari@simnet.is> wrote in
news:c0fe8k$t2t$1@news.simnet.is:
>
> "Down Loader" <iamdownloading@yahoo.com> wrote in message
> news:402ac67e$1_1@127.0.0.1...
>> Tad McClellan <tadmc@augustmail.com> wrote in
>> news:slrnc2j8q8.64f.tadmc@magna.augustmail.com:
>>
>>
>> > Once you discover a good data structure, the coding it up
is
>> easy(ish).
>> >
>>
>> I'll take your word for it, but I am a newbie and the thing
is,
>> while I appreciate your actually providing the whole code
>> structure, I just don't understand what it is and how it
works.
>> I see that you're splitting the array elements and making a
hash
>> of hashes and know what both of those are, but... this part
just
>> sails over my head at warp speed.
>
> OK. let us take a look.
>
> at this point %domains contains the hash of hashes
> domain=>\%accounts and each %accounts is
> account=>count
>
>>
>> > my %acct_totals;
>> > foreach my $domain ( sort keys %domains ) {
> I assume you got this
>
>> > my($total, @accts);
> preparing subtotal for this domain and a list of accounts
> they are both nulled
>
>> > foreach my $acct ( sort keys %{$domains{$domain}} ) {
> loop through the accounts for this domain
>
>> > $acct_totals{$acct} += $domains{$domain}{$acct};
> we add this account's count to the overall total count
>
>> > $total += $domains{$domain}{$acct};
> and to this domain's subtotal count
>
>> > push @accts, " $acct=
>> $domains{$domain}{$acct}\n";
> we add to this domain's list a string showing the account
> and it's count
>
>> > }
> end of this domains account loop
> now we can report on this domain
>
>> > print "domain $domain = $total entries\n";
> print out the domain's subtotaltotal
>
>> > print for @accts;
> this prints out the list we made for this domain.
> the minimal 'for' uses the default iterator $_,
> which is also the default argument for print.
> no need for newlines, because we added a newine to each
> list element with the 'push' above.
>
>> > print "\n";
> print extra newline to separate the domains from each other
>> > }
>>
>> What exactly is happening here?
> clearer?
>
> gnari
>
Yes very much. Thank you! parsing through an array for one
thing was never a problem for me, but trying to pull off two
things at the same time was just too much for me. I couldn't
get a grasp on the concept of how to accomplish it, and the
method I was going to use was a LOT more complicated, bordering
on really absurd.
I do appreciate the help. Thanks again.
----== Posted via Newsfeed.Com - Unlimited-Uncensored-Secure Usenet News==----
http://www.newsfeed.com The #1 Newsgroup Service in the World! >100,000 Newsgroups
---= 19 East/West-Coast Specialized Servers - Total Privacy via Encryption =---
------------------------------
Date: Mon, 16 Feb 2004 00:33:13 GMT
From: Uri Guttman <uri@stemsystems.com>
Subject: Re: Choosing grouping of split items
Message-Id: <x7n07j7tiu.fsf@mail.sysarch.com>
>>>>> "AS" == Anno Siegel <anno4000@lublin.zrz.tu-berlin.de> writes:
AS> Uri Guttman <uri@stemsystems.com> wrote in comp.lang.perl.misc:
>> >>>>> "AS" == Anno Siegel <anno4000@lublin.zrz.tu-berlin.de> writes:
>>
AS> my @tokens = split /-/, $str;
AS> @tokens = ( "$tokens[ 0]-$tokens[ 1]", @tokens[ 2 .. $#tokens]) if
AS> @tokens > 3;
>>
>> blech!
AS> Agreed.
>> $tokens[0] .= '-' . splice( @tokens, 1, 1 ) if @tokens > 3;
AS> Much better.
>> or
>>
>> splice( @tokens, 0, 2 ) = join '-', splice( @tokens, 1, 1 )
>> if @tokens > 3;
AS> That's splice( @tokens, ...) twice in a single statement.
true. i thought it was kinda cute but not optimal. how about this
variant:
$tokens[0] = join '-', shift @tokens, splice( @tokens, 1, 1 ) ;
again it has @tokens twice. :(
oh well. i have other fish to fry.
uri
--
Uri Guttman ------ uri@stemsystems.com -------- http://www.stemsystems.com
--Perl Consulting, Stem Development, Systems Architecture, Design and Coding-
Search or Offer Perl Jobs ---------------------------- http://jobs.perl.org
------------------------------
Date: Mon, 16 Feb 2004 12:38:56 +1100
From: Sisyphus <kalinaubears@iinet.net.au>
Subject: Re: configure problem
Message-Id: <40302030$0$1727$5a62ac22@freenews.iinet.net.au>
Alan secker wrote:
> <START>
> I used the command:
>
> gcc -o try -O3 -fno-strict-aliasing -I/usr/local/include
> -L/usr/local/lib try.c -lnsl -lndbm -ldb -ldl -lm -lcrypt -lutil -lc
> ./try
>
You mean you actually entered the above line ??
Normally you just do as per instructions in the 'INSTALL' file (which
can be found in the top level directory of the source distro).
Building perl that way was trivial for me on Mandrake-9.1.
Cheers,
Rob
--
To reply by email u have to take out the u in kalinaubears.
------------------------------
Date: Mon, 16 Feb 2004 02:08:20 +0000 (UTC)
From: Ben Morrow <usenet@morrow.me.uk>
Subject: Re: configure problem
Message-Id: <c0p8mk$kj1$2@wisteria.csv.warwick.ac.uk>
Sisyphus <kalinaubears@iinet.net.au> wrote:
> Alan secker wrote:
>
> > <START>
> > I used the command:
> >
> > gcc -o try -O3 -fno-strict-aliasing -I/usr/local/include
> > -L/usr/local/lib try.c -lnsl -lndbm -ldb -ldl -lm -lcrypt -lutil -lc
> > ./try
>
> You mean you actually entered the above line ??
I would guess that the 'I' there is Configure, not Alan: this is an
extract from Configure's log.
Ben
--
Like all men in Babylon I have been a proconsul; like all, a slave ... During
one lunar year, I have been declared invisible; I shrieked and was not heard,
I stole my bread and was not decapitated.
~ ben@morrow.me.uk ~ Jorge Luis Borges, 'The Babylon Lottery'
------------------------------
Date: Mon, 16 Feb 2004 13:31:04 +1100
From: Sisyphus <kalinaubears@iinet.net.au>
Subject: Re: configure problem
Message-Id: <40302c67$0$1722$5a62ac22@freenews.iinet.net.au>
Ben Morrow wrote:
> Sisyphus <kalinaubears@iinet.net.au> wrote:
>
>>Alan secker wrote:
>>
>>
>>><START>
>>>I used the command:
>>>
>>> gcc -o try -O3 -fno-strict-aliasing -I/usr/local/include
>>>-L/usr/local/lib try.c -lnsl -lndbm -ldb -ldl -lm -lcrypt -lutil -lc
>>> ./try
>>
>>You mean you actually entered the above line ??
>
>
> I would guess that the 'I' there is Configure, not Alan: this is an
> extract from Configure's log.
>
Aaaah, yes .... I think that's a good guess :-)
Cheers,
Rob
--
To reply by email u have to take out the u in kalinaubears.
------------------------------
Date: 15 Feb 2004 17:07:34 -0800
From: ipetts@ozemail.com.au (Ian Petts)
Subject: Confused by hashes/data structures
Message-Id: <7bca6a49.0402151707.1b29d501@posting.google.com>
I have a series of Squid logs I need extract last-used dates from for
a set of users.
I want to read in a list of usercodes and user names from a file, then
go through the squid logs and for each user found, add a 'last used'
date to the user list.
I am struggling to get my head around Perl's data structures. I am not
sure whether I need a hash of arrays, array of hashes or a hash of
hashes.
I have been fumbling around trying to work out how to [best] create
and maintain the proper data structure for this situation, but my head
is spinning. The following seems to work to a point, but I can't work
out how to change the date value after it is initially created. Here
is what I've come up so far:
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
# Temporarily disabled 'strict' as it increased my confusion while
# coming to terms with this.
#use strict;
use diagnostics;
# Create some base data. (Not required, but all part of the
# learning process).
@userdata = (
{
user => "jsmith",
desc => "John Smith",
date => 0,
},
{
user => "gjones",
desc => "Greg Jones",
date => 0,
},
);
# I can add users to the list, like this:
push @userdata, { user => "suser", desc => "Steve User", date => 0 };
push @userdata, { user => "ipetts", desc => "Ian Petts", date => 0 };
push @userdata, { user => "pcitizen", desc => "Pete Citizen", date =>
0 };
# Let's have a look and see if I have what I think I do.
# This should print the lot:
for $href (@userdata) {
print "{ ";
for $thing ( keys %$href ) {
print "$thing=$href->{$thing} ";
}
print "}\n";
}
print "\n\n";
# And this should print out whatever field I want.
# But how do I get a specific user?
for $href (@userdata) {
print $href->{"user"} . " ";
print $href->{"desc"} . " ";
print $href->{"date"} . "\n";
}
print "\n\n";
# Now let's assume I've found this user in the log and want to update
# their last-used date in the list.
# This is wrong :-(
$userdata->{"user"}->{"ipetts"}->{"date"} = 12345 ;
# And print it out for a look.
for $href (@userdata) {
print "{ ";
for $thing ( keys %$href ) {
print "$thing=$href->{$thing} ";
}
print "}\n";
}
Could someone please point me in the right direction?
Thanks,
Ian.
------------------------------
Date: Sun, 15 Feb 2004 18:04:32 -0800
From: Steve May <drumspoorly@reachone.net>
Subject: Re: Confused by hashes/data structures
Message-Id: <1030907albtv348@corp.supernews.com>
Ian Petts wrote:
> I have a series of Squid logs I need extract last-used dates from for
> a set of users.
>
> I want to read in a list of usercodes and user names from a file, then
> go through the squid logs and for each user found, add a 'last used'
> date to the user list.
>
> I am struggling to get my head around Perl's data structures. I am not
> sure whether I need a hash of arrays, array of hashes or a hash of
> hashes.
>
> I have been fumbling around trying to work out how to [best] create
> and maintain the proper data structure for this situation, but my head
> is spinning. The following seems to work to a point, but I can't work
> out how to change the date value after it is initially created. Here
> is what I've come up so far:
>
> #!/usr/bin/perl -w
>
> # Temporarily disabled 'strict' as it increased my confusion while
> # coming to terms with this.
> #use strict;
> use diagnostics;
>
> # Create some base data. (Not required, but all part of the
> # learning process).
>
> @userdata = (
> {
> user => "jsmith",
> desc => "John Smith",
> date => 0,
> },
>
> {
> user => "gjones",
> desc => "Greg Jones",
> date => 0,
> },
> );
>
Hmmm.... well, I could be missing the point (not unusual) but
it seems to me that if a priority is accessing or modifying
a particular users data, perhaps a list of hashes is *not*
the best way to do things....
Ah... the 'stuff' below is all untested and I'm a little on
the tired side, so...
Since user names are unique (usually) I think I'd use a hash
of hashes instead, like:
my %userdata = ( jsmith =>{ desc => "John Smith",
date => 0,
},
gjones =>{ desc => "Greg Jones",
date => 0,
},
);
>
> # I can add users to the list, like this:
> push @userdata, { user => "suser", desc => "Steve User", date => 0 };
> push @userdata, { user => "ipetts", desc => "Ian Petts", date => 0 };
> push @userdata, { user => "pcitizen", desc => "Pete Citizen", date =>
> 0 };
>
Then add user hashes by:
$userdata{'suser'}= { desc => "Steve User", date => 0 };
> # Let's have a look and see if I have what I think I do.
> # This should print the lot:
> for $href (@userdata) {
> print "{ ";
> for $thing ( keys %$href ) {
> print "$thing=$href->{$thing} ";
> }
> print "}\n";
> }
>
> print "\n\n";
while( sort( keys %userdata ) ){
# error trapping ignored
print <<END;
User: $_ Desc: $userdata{$_}{'desc} Date: $userdata{$_}{'date}
END
}
>
> # And this should print out whatever field I want.
> # But how do I get a specific user?
>
> for $href (@userdata) {
> print $href->{"user"} . " ";
> print $href->{"desc"} . " ";
> print $href->{"date"} . "\n";
> }
>
> print "\n\n";
>
> # Now let's assume I've found this user in the log and want to update
> # their last-used date in the list.
> # This is wrong :-(
> $userdata->{"user"}->{"ipetts"}->{"date"} = 12345 ;
$userdata{'user'}{'date'} = $datevalue;
>
> # And print it out for a look.
> for $href (@userdata) {
> print "{ ";
> for $thing ( keys %$href ) {
> print "$thing=$href->{$thing} ";
> }
> print "}\n";
> }
>
>
> Could someone please point me in the right direction?
>
> Thanks,
> Ian.
hth,
s.
------------------------------
Date: Mon, 16 Feb 2004 02:00:00 GMT
From: Bob Walton <invalid-email@rochester.rr.com>
Subject: Re: Confused by hashes/data structures
Message-Id: <403023F3.2070405@rochester.rr.com>
Ian Petts wrote:
...
> I want to read in a list of usercodes and user names from a file, then
> go through the squid logs and for each user found, add a 'last used'
> date to the user list.
>
> I am struggling to get my head around Perl's data structures. I am not
> sure whether I need a hash of arrays, array of hashes or a hash of
> hashes.
>
...
> @userdata = (
> {
> user => "jsmith",
> desc => "John Smith",
> date => 0,
> },
>
> {
> user => "gjones",
> desc => "Greg Jones",
> date => 0,
> },
> );
>
...
> # Now let's assume I've found this user in the log and want to update
> # their last-used date in the list.
> # This is wrong :-(
> $userdata->{"user"}->{"ipetts"}->{"date"} = 12345 ;
Well, @userdata is an array, right? So it must be accessed using a
subscript, as in something like:
$userdata[3]
for the fourth user, for example. That value can continue being accessed:
$userdata[3]->{date}=12345;
Note also that there is no need for quotes around barewords used in hash
keys.
Now, of course, this brings up the question of how do you know what
subscript to use for a given user. If you want to look up stuff by
userID, you have the wrong data structure. You could build yourself a
data structure that would provide the subscript for a given userID as
follows:
my $i=0;my %subs;for(@userdata){$subs{$$_{user}}=$i++;}
Then you can do:
$userdata[$subs{gjones}]->{data}=12345;
for example. But note that in the event of multiple occurrences of the
same user, only the last one will be stored in %subs, so only the last
record for a given user will show up.
>
> # And print it out for a look.
> for $href (@userdata) {
> print "{ ";
> for $thing ( keys %$href ) {
> print "$thing=$href->{$thing} ";
> }
> print "}\n";
> }
You can save yourself a lot of grief when looking at data structures for
debugging purposes by using Data::Dumper:
use Data::Dumper;
print Dumper(\@userdata);
for example.
>
>
> Could someone please point me in the right direction?
...
> Ian.
--
Bob Walton
Email: http://bwalton.com/cgi-bin/emailbob.pl
------------------------------
Date: Mon, 16 Feb 2004 02:06:19 +0000 (UTC)
From: Ben Morrow <usenet@morrow.me.uk>
Subject: Re: Confused by hashes/data structures
Message-Id: <c0p8ir$kj1$1@wisteria.csv.warwick.ac.uk>
ipetts@ozemail.com.au (Ian Petts) wrote:
> I am struggling to get my head around Perl's data structures. I am not
> sure whether I need a hash of arrays, array of hashes or a hash of
> hashes.
>
> #!/usr/bin/perl -w
'use warnings' is better than -w.
> # Temporarily disabled 'strict' as it increased my confusion while
> # coming to terms with this.
> #use strict;
The only thing you need to do is put 'my' before the first use of each
variable. I've put these in below, so you can see.
> use diagnostics;
>
> # Create some base data. (Not required, but all part of the
> # learning process).
>
> @userdata = (
my @userdata = (
> {
> user => "jsmith",
> desc => "John Smith",
> date => 0,
It's probably better to leave the date undefined if you haven't found
one for this user: a date of 0 means 00:00 on 1970-01-01, which isn't
very useful. Also, if you later print out the undefined value, you'll
get a warning, which is handy if someone's date failed to get set for
some reason.
> },
>
> {
> user => "gjones",
> desc => "Greg Jones",
> date => 0,
> },
> );
>
>
> # I can add users to the list, like this:
> push @userdata, { user => "suser", desc => "Steve User", date => 0 };
> push @userdata, { user => "ipetts", desc => "Ian Petts", date => 0 };
> push @userdata, { user => "pcitizen", desc => "Pete Citizen", date =>
> 0 };
>
> # Let's have a look and see if I have what I think I do.
> # This should print the lot:
> for $href (@userdata) {
for my $href (@userdata) {
Or, in fact, you'd be *much* better off using the Data::Dumper module:
use Data::Dumper;
print Dumper \@userdata;
> print "{ ";
> for $thing ( keys %$href ) {
> print "$thing=$href->{$thing} ";
> }
> print "}\n";
> }
>
> print "\n\n";
>
> # And this should print out whatever field I want.
> # But how do I get a specific user?
Whenever you ask yourself 'how do I find a specific X', the answer is a
hash, and X is the key to the hash. So in this case, your data structure
should look like:
my %userdata = (
jsmith => {
desc => 'John Smith',
date => undef,
},
gjones => {
desc => 'Greg Jones',
date => undef,
},
);
I just put the 'date' entries in to make things clearer: you can leave
them out, and they'll default to undef. Now you can add a user like
this:
$userdata{suser} = { desc => 'Steve User', date => undef };
and find it like:
print "jsmith is called $userdata{jsmith}{desc}.\n";
To iterate over them all, use:
for my $user (keys $userdata) {
print "$user is called $userdata{$user}{desc}\n";
}
> for $href (@userdata) {
> print $href->{"user"} . " ";
> print $href->{"desc"} . " ";
> print $href->{"date"} . "\n";
> }
>
> print "\n\n";
>
> # Now let's assume I've found this user in the log and want to update
> # their last-used date in the list.
> # This is wrong :-(
> $userdata->{"user"}->{"ipetts"}->{"date"} = 12345 ;
# say you have the user in $user and the date in $date:
$userdata{$user}{date} = $date;
> # And print it out for a look.
> for $href (@userdata) {
> print "{ ";
> for $thing ( keys %$href ) {
> print "$thing=$href->{$thing} ";
> }
> print "}\n";
> }
Again, use Data::Dumper;
A rule-of-thumb I use when building data structures is 'if I'm using an
array, that keeps things in order: is the order important here?'. If it
isn't, chances are you should be using a hash instead.
Ben
--
$.=1;*g=sub{print@_};sub r($$\$){my($w,$x,$y)=@_;for(keys%$x){/main/&&next;*p=$
$x{$_};/(\w)::$/&&(r($w.$1,$x.$_,$y),next);$y eq\$p&&&g("$w$_")}};sub t{for(@_)
{$f&&($_||&g(" "));$f=1;r"","::",$_;$_&&&g(chr(0012))}};t # ben@morrow.me.uk
$J::u::s::t, $a::n::o::t::h::e::r, $P::e::r::l, $h::a::c::k::e::r, $.
------------------------------
Date: Mon, 16 Feb 2004 02:11:02 +0000 (UTC)
From: Ben Morrow <usenet@morrow.me.uk>
Subject: Re: Confused by hashes/data structures
Message-Id: <c0p8rm$kj1$3@wisteria.csv.warwick.ac.uk>
Steve May <drumspoorly@reachone.net> wrote:
> User: $_ Desc: $userdata{$_}{'desc} Date: $userdata{$_}{'date}
^ ^
Been writing Lisp? :)
Ben
--
Every twenty-four hours about 34k children die from the effects of poverty.
Meanwhile, the latest estimate is that 2800 people died on 9/11, so it's like
that image, that ghastly, grey-billowing, double-barrelled fall, repeated
twelve times every day. Full of children. [Iain Banks] ben@morrow.me.uk
------------------------------
Date: Mon, 16 Feb 2004 02:13:24 GMT
From: Bob Walton <invalid-email@rochester.rr.com>
Subject: Re: Confused by hashes/data structures
Message-Id: <40302716.80903@rochester.rr.com>
Bob Walton wrote:
...
> $userdata[$subs{gjones}]->{data}=12345;
e----------------------------------^
Sorry about that.
...
--
Bob Walton
Email: http://bwalton.com/cgi-bin/emailbob.pl
------------------------------
Date: Mon, 16 Feb 2004 02:23:48 -0000
From: "David K. Wall" <dwall@fastmail.fm>
Subject: Re: Confused by hashes/data structures
Message-Id: <Xns9490D9A8C9BFAdkwwashere@216.168.3.30>
Steve May <drumspoorly@reachone.net> wrote:
> Ian Petts wrote:
>>
>> I want to read in a list of usercodes and user names from a file, then
>> go through the squid logs and for each user found, add a 'last used'
>> date to the user list.
> Since user names are unique (usually) I think I'd use a hash
> of hashes instead, like:
>
> my %userdata = ( jsmith =>{ desc => "John Smith",
> date => 0,
> },
> gjones =>{ desc => "Greg Jones",
> date => 0,
> },
> );
[snip]
[print out data]
> while( sort( keys %userdata ) ){
> # error trapping ignored
> print <<END;
> User: $_ Desc: $userdata{$_}{'desc} Date: $userdata{$_}{'date}
> END
>
> }
Below are a couple of alternate ways to code this, just in case they'll
help. (Besides, I'd already altered this from the original array of hashes
form before I saw Steve May's post :-)
for my $user (keys %userdata) {
print "{ ";
my $href = $userdata{$user};
for my $attribute ( keys %$href ) {
print "$attribute=$href->{$attribute} ";
}
print "}\n";
}
print "\n\n";
# another way to write it... maybe this will make it a bit clearer
for my $user (keys %userdata) {
print "{ ";
for my $attribute ( keys %{$userdata{$user}} ) {
print "$attribute=$userdata{$user}{$attribute} ";
}
print "}\n";
}
print "\n\n";
Data::Dumper might interest you (Ian) as well, if you get tired of writing
code to do screen dumps of data structures. The Data Structures Cookbook is
highly recommended if you haven't already read it. (perldoc perldsc)
------------------------------
Date: Sun, 15 Feb 2004 19:57:35 -0800
From: Steve May <drumspoorly@reachone.net>
Subject: Re: Confused by hashes/data structures
Message-Id: <1030fk4ktg5ho84@corp.supernews.com>
Ben Morrow wrote:
> Steve May <drumspoorly@reachone.net> wrote:
>
>>User: $_ Desc: $userdata{$_}{'desc} Date: $userdata{$_}{'date}
>
> ^ ^
> Been writing Lisp? :)
>
> Ben
>
Nope, just doing the same half-baked
work I've been doing all day...
Hopefully, the concept was clear, even
if the code wouldn't compile. :-)
s.
------------------------------
Date: 6 Apr 2001 21:33:47 GMT (Last modified)
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Subject: Digest Administrivia (Last modified: 6 Apr 01)
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End of Perl-Users Digest V10 Issue 6138
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