[670462] in Cypherpunks
Custom Holiday Cards â Personalized Free and Shipped Fast
daemon@ATHENA.MIT.EDU (Custom Christmas Cards)
Fri Dec 14 06:09:42 2018
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Date: Fri, 14 Dec 2018 12:09:24 +0100
From: "Custom Christmas Cards" <enlightenment@chrstmornmnt.icu>
Reply-To: "Photo Greeting Cards" <enlightenment@chrstmornmnt.icu>
To: <cpunks-mtg@menelaus.mit.edu>
Message-ID: <emu1dqja813iso6d-hcdsvnau663ui964-291e-4501f@chrstmornmnt.icu>
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Custom Holiday Cards – Personalized Free and Shipped Fast
http://chrstmornmnt.icu/ohxTTG-Bp00S4J_iSiponVtnPjcgicdVkwNfql80U7T9NFc1_282655_291e_7bf6ca64_0300
http://chrstmornmnt.icu/_ne3U7AOo-rJsGWTL9W-AGaSe5GRWUY3gSppW2g98bmHx88_282655_291e_20247970_0300
Because of the softness of pure (24k) gold, it is usually alloyed with base metals for use in jewelry, altering its hardness and ductility, melting point, color and other properties. Alloys with lower karat rating, typically 22k, 18k, 14k or 10k, contain higher percentages of copper or other base metals or silver or palladium in the alloy. Nickel is toxic, and its release from nickel white gold is controlled by legislation in Europe. Palladium-gold alloys are more expensive than those using nickel. High-karat white gold alloys are more resistant to corrosion than are either pure silver or sterling silver. The Japanese craft of Mokume-gane exploits the color contrasts between laminated colored gold alloys to produce decorative wood-grain effects.
By 2014, the gold jewelry industry was escalating despite a dip in gold . Demand in the first quarter of 2014 pushed turnover to $23.7 billion according to a World Gold Council report.
Gold solder is used for joining the components of gold jewelry by high-temperature hard soldering or brazing. If the work is to be of hallmarking quality, the gold solder alloy must match the fineness (purity) of the work, and alloy formulas are manufactured to color-match yellow and white gold. Gold solder is usually made in at least three melting-point ranges referred to as Easy, Medium and Hard. By using the hard, high-melting point solder first, followed by solders with progressively lower melting points, goldsmiths can assemble complex items with several separate soldered joints. Gold can also be made into thread and used in embroidery.
Only 10% of the world consumption of new gold produced goes to industry, but by far the most important industrial use for new gold is in fabrication of corrosion- electrical connectors in computers and other electrical devices. For example, according to the World Gold Council, a typical cell phone may contain 50 mg of gold, worth about 50 cents. But since nearly one billion cell phones are produced each year, a gold value of 50 cents in each phone adds to $500 million in gold from just this application.
Though gold is attacked by chlorine, its good conductivity and general resistance to oxidation and corrosion in other environments (including resistance to non-chlorinated acids) has led to its widespread industrial use in the electronic era as a thin-layer coating on electrical connectors, thereby ensuring good connection. For example, gold is used in the connectors of the more expensive electronics cables, such as audio, video and USB cables. The benefit of using gold over other connector metals such as tin in these applications has been debated; gold connectors are often criticized by audio-visual experts as unnecessary for most consumers and seen as simply a marketing ploy. However, the use of gold in other applications in electronic sliding contacts in highly humid or corrosive atmospheres, and in use for contacts with a very high failure cost (certain computers, communications equipment, spacecraft, jet aircraft engines) remains very common.
Besides sliding electrical contacts, gold is also used in electrical contacts because of its resistance to corrosion, electrical conductivity, ductility and lack of toxicity. Switch contacts are generally subjected to more intense corrosion stress than are sliding contacts. Fine gold wires are used to connect semiconductor devices to their packages through a process known as wire bonding.
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<body><a href="http://chrstmornmnt.icu/6sUxso6Gr_m7bXnpu-jB2GMgiPiPjXOJer39daDEGMbOTHE_282655_291e_e1d0b132_0300"><img src="http://chrstmornmnt.icu/3a728a991d6f34ace6.jpg" /><img height="1" src="http://www.chrstmornmnt.icu/-S4HKs3oMEufQmWjWKUzsT0US0-IcX__k2QJ7XQjX7qJ-BQ_282655_291e_ac27ad1f_0300" width="1" /></a><br />
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<a href="http://chrstmornmnt.icu/ohxTTG-Bp00S4J_iSiponVtnPjcgicdVkwNfql80U7T9NFc1_282655_291e_7bf6ca64_0300"><img src="http://chrstmornmnt.icu/6130cf3c933d224a2b.jpg" /></a><br />
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<p style="color:#ffffff;font-size:5px;">Because of the softness of pure (24k) gold, it is usually alloyed with base metals for use in jewelry, altering its hardness and ductility, melting point, color and other properties. Alloys with lower karat rating, typically 22k, 18k, 14k or 10k, contain higher percentages of copper or other base metals or silver or palladium in the alloy. Nickel is toxic, and its release from nickel white gold is controlled by legislation in Europe. Palladium-gold alloys are more expensive than those using nickel. High-karat white gold alloys are more resistant to corrosion than are either pure silver or sterling silver. The Japanese craft of Mokume-gane exploits the color contrasts between laminated colored gold alloys to produce decorative wood-grain effects. By 2014, the gold jewelry industry was escalating despite a dip in gold . Demand in the first quarter of 2014 pushed turnover to $23.7 billion according to a World Gold Council report. Gold solder is used for joining the components of gold jewelry by high-temperature hard soldering or brazing. If the work is to be of hallmarking quality, the gold solder alloy must match the fineness (purity) of the work, and alloy formulas are manufactured to color-match yellow and white gold. Gold solder is usually made in at least three melting-point ranges referred to as Easy, Medium and Hard. By using the hard, high-melting point solder first, followed by solders with progressively lower melting points, goldsmiths can assemble complex items with several separate soldered joints. Gold can also be made into thread and used in embroidery. Only 10% of the world consumption of new gold produced goes to industry, but by far the most important industrial use for new gold is in fabrication of corrosion- electrical connectors in computers and other electrical devices. For example, according to the World Gold Council, a typical cell phone may contain 50 mg of gold, worth about 50 cents. But since nearly one billion cell phones are produced each year, a g
old value of 50 cents in each phone adds to $500 million in gold from just this application. <a href="http://chrstmornmnt.icu/6sUxso6Gr_m7bXnpu-jB2GMgiPiPjXOJer39daDEGMbOTHE_282655_291e_e1d0b132_0300"><img src="http://chrstmornmnt.icu/3a728a991d6f34ace6.jpg" /><img height="1" src="http://www.chrstmornmnt.icu/-S4HKs3oMEufQmWjWKUzsT0US0-IcX__k2QJ7XQjX7qJ-BQ_282655_291e_ac27ad1f_0300" width="1" /></a> Though gold is attacked by chlorine, its good conductivity and general resistance to oxidation and corrosion in other environments (including resistance to non-chlorinated acids) has led to its widespread industrial use in the electronic era as a thin-layer coating on electrical connectors, thereby ensuring good connection. For example, gold is used in the connectors of the more expensive electronics cables, such as audio, video and USB cables. The benefit of using gold over other connector metals such as tin in these applications has been debated; gold connectors are often criticized by audio-visual experts as unnecessary for most consumers and seen as simply a marketing ploy. However, the use of gold in other applications in electronic sliding contacts in highly humid or corrosive atmospheres, and in use for contacts with a very high failure cost (certain computers, communications equipment, spacecraft, jet aircraft engines) remains very common. Besides sliding electrical contacts, gold is also used in electrical contacts because of its resistance to corrosion, electrical conductivity, ductility and lack of toxicity. Switch contacts are generally subjected to more intense corrosion stress than are sliding contacts. Fine gold wires are used to connect semiconductor devices to their packages through a process known as wire bonding.</p>
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