[388] in Commercialization & Privatization of the Internet

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Re: a strategic plan for farnet (and you)

daemon@ATHENA.MIT.EDU (Richard Mandelbaum)
Fri Mar 15 14:43:47 1991

To: Edward Vielmetti <emv@ox.com>
Cc: com-priv@uu.psi.com
In-Reply-To: Your message of Thu, 14 Mar 91 19:47:36 -0500.
Date: Fri, 15 Mar 91 11:23:17 -0500
From: Richard Mandelbaum <rma@tsar.cc.rochester.edu>

Dear Mr. Vielmetti

As a keeper of comp.archives , I think you should be fair to your 
users and give them some background so that the draft version of
the report of FARNEYT's Strategic Plan Committee is in some context.
I append a copy of an article I coauthored on the regional networks
which attempts to give some perspective on their history and future.
This is no one's official position, but simply the opinion's of the
author but does, I believe, provide some useful material.

Sincerely Yours,
		Richard Mandelbaum



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T T -31 -30 761 582 100 72 72 1 F F F F T T T psu
(Richard; document: Doc 1: Kahin -v3)jn
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{}mark T /Times-Bold /|______Times-Bold 0 rf
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14 fz
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2.48489 0. 32 0.24848 0.(THE STRATEGIC FUTURE OF THE MID-LEVEL NETWORKS)awidthshow
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{}mark T /Times-Roman /|______Times-Roman 0 rf
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236 258 gm
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410 113 gm
0.74569 0. 32 0.07456 0.("There is nothing more difficult to plan, more doubtful)awidthshow
425 113 gm
0.41275 0. 32 0.04127 0.(of success, nor more dangerous to manage than the)awidthshow
440 113 gm
0.58593 0. 32 0.05859 0.(creation of a new order of things"  \(Machiavelli, The)awidthshow
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F T cp
%%Page: ? 2
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(nc 0 0 730 552 6 rc)kp
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2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
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0.57038 0.(CONTENTS)ashow
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3.40362 0. 32 0.34036 0.(Executive Summary )awidthshow
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56<0101010101010101>pat
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2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
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1.81823 0. 32 0.18182 0.( 1)awidthshow
113 42 gm
14 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
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3.05252 0. 32 0.30525 0.(I. The Evolution of the Networks : A Review)awidthshow
112 345 gm
56<0101010101010101>pat
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2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
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1.81823 0. 32 0.18182 0.( 2)awidthshow
137 60 gm
5 fs
158.99995 ul
2.69531 0. 32 0.26953 0.(A.  A Historical perspective)awidthshow
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56<0101010101010101>pat
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137 492 gm
1 setTxMode
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1.81823 0. 32 0.18182 0.( 2)awidthshow
161 78 gm
3.58489 0. 32 0.35848 0.(1.Technical Awareness )awidthshow
160 214 gm
56 gr
160 491 lin
161 492 gm
1 setTxMode
1.81823 0. 32 0.18182 0.( 8)awidthshow
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2.77679 0. 32 0.27767 0.(2. Interlude - The Early Players, 1985-1988 )awidthshow
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56 gr
184 491 lin
185 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(11)ashow
209 78 gm
2.39456 0. 32 0.23945 0.(3. Market and Service Awareness )awidthshow
208 273 gm
56 gr
208 491 lin
209 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(11)ashow
233 78 gm
2.44140 0. 32 0.24414 0.(4. A New Age )awidthshow
232 164 gm
56 gr
232 491 lin
233 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(15)ashow
257 60 gm
5 fs
256.64715 ul
2.67501 0. 32 0.26750 0.(B. Network Evolution \320 A Conceptual Model)awidthshow
1 fs
( )show
256 321 gm
56 gr
256 491 lin
257 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(20)ashow
296 42 gm
14 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
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2.17544 0. 32 0.21754 0.(II )awidthshow
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56<0101010101010101>pat
295 491 lin
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2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
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2.00006 0.(26)ashow
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5 fs
79.50910 ul
3.38790 0. 32 0.33879 0.(A. The Issues)awidthshow
1 fs
( )show
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56<0101010101010101>pat
319 491 lin
320 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(26)ashow
344 78 gm
3.03787 0. 32 0.30378 0.(1. Increased Connectivity )awidthshow
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56 gr
343 491 lin
344 492 gm
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2.00006 0.(26)ashow
368 78 gm
2.86132 0. 32 0.28613 0.(2. Equitable Access )awidthshow
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56 gr
367 491 lin
368 492 gm
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2.00006 0.(26)ashow
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3.54293 0. 32 0.35429 0.(3. Simplicity of Use)awidthshow
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56 gr
391 491 lin
392 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(28)ashow
416 78 gm
0.53572 0.(4.)ashow
0 fs
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2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
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0.32470 0. 32 0.03247 0.( )awidthshow
1 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
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3.32580 0. 32 0.33258 0.(Information Resource Provision )awidthshow
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56<0101010101010101>pat
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1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(28)ashow
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2.33093 0. 32 0.23309 0.(5. Standards and Interoperability )awidthshow
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56 gr
439 491 lin
440 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(29)ashow
464 78 gm
2.90817 0. 32 0.29081 0.(6. Technical Development )awidthshow
463 230 gm
56 gr
463 491 lin
464 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(29)ashow
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5 fs
191.53868 ul
3.11569 0. 32 0.31156 0.(B. The Business of the Regionals)awidthshow
1 fs
( )show
487 256 gm
56 gr
487 491 lin
488 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(30)ashow
512 78 gm
2.45178 0. 32 0.24517 0.(1. Offerings - The Products and Service )awidthshow
511 311 gm
56 gr
511 491 lin
512 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(30)ashow
536 78 gm
2.09960 0. 32 0.20996 0.(2. Nature of the Marketplace and  Responsiveness to the Market )awidthshow
535 447 gm
56 gr
535 491 lin
536 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(32)ashow
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2.04589 0. 32 0.20458 0.(3. Geography and Funding \320 The Place and the Price )awidthshow
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56 gr
559 491 lin
560 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(36)ashow
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2.69866 0. 32 0.26986 0.(4. The Internal Business Structure)awidthshow
583 275 gm
56 gr
583 491 lin
584 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(37)ashow
629 42 gm
14 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
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2.88742 0. 32 0.28874 0.(III.   Models for Regional Networks:  A Critical Assessment )awidthshow
628 451 gm
56<0101010101010101>pat
628 491 lin
629 492 gm
1 setTxMode
12 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
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2.00006 0.(39)ashow
653 60 gm
5 fs
225.64396 ul
2.06893 0. 32 0.20689 0.(A.   The Regionals Today - A Summary)awidthshow
1 fs
( )show
652 290 gm
56<0101010101010101>pat
652 491 lin
653 492 gm
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5 fs
186.64532 ul
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1 fs
( )show
676 251 gm
56 gr
676 491 lin
677 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(40)ashow
F T cp
%%Page: ? 3
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0 0 730 552 fr
0 0 xl
1 1 pen
50 60 gm
(nc 0 0 730 552 6 rc)kp
1 setTxMode
5 fs
12 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
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160.30261 ul
1.93862 0. 32 0.19386 0.(C.   The Low Cost Operator)awidthshow
1 fs
0.33157 0. 32 0.03315 0.(  )awidthshow
49 228 gm
56<0101010101010101>pat
49 491 lin
50 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(41)ashow
74 60 gm
5 fs
276.59680 ul
2.36709 0. 32 0.23670 0.(D.   The Challenge of the Full Service Providers)awidthshow
1 fs
( )show
73 341 gm
56 gr
73 491 lin
74 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(42)ashow
86 42 gm
( )show
98 78 gm
2.75985 0. 32 0.27598 0.(1.  The Full Service Not-For-Profit Provider \(FSP\) Analyzed )awidthshow
97 432 gm
56 gr
97 491 lin
98 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(42)ashow
122 78 gm
2.48764 0. 32 0.24876 0.(2.  The For-Profit Full Service Provider Analyzed )awidthshow
121 368 gm
56 gr
121 491 lin
122 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(43)ashow
167 42 gm
14 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
1.47418 0.(IV.)ashow
167 78 gm
2.49694 0. 32 0.24969 0.(The Regional Network as Market Maker:  A New Model )awidthshow
166 457 gm
56<0101010101010101>pat
166 491 lin
167 492 gm
1 setTxMode
12 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
2.00006 0.(45)ashow
191 60 gm
5 fs
190.72970 ul
2.25143 0. 32 0.22514 0.(A.  The Contemporary Landscape)awidthshow
1 fs
( )show
190 255 gm
56<0101010101010101>pat
190 491 lin
191 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(45)ashow
215 78 gm
2.27767 0. 32 0.22776 0.(1.  The Role of the Regionals in Operations Is Challenged )awidthshow
214 413 gm
56 gr
214 491 lin
215 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(45)ashow
239 78 gm
2.28332 0. 32 0.22833 0.(2.  The Academic and Research Communities As Potential Losers )awidthshow
238 454 gm
56 gr
238 491 lin
239 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(45)ashow
263 60 gm
5 fs
381.66952 ul
2.46719 0. 32 0.24671 0.(B.  The Marketmaker Model Exploits the Regionals' Key Strengths)awidthshow
1 fs
( )show
262 446 gm
56 gr
262 491 lin
263 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(46)ashow
287 78 gm
1.79702 0. 32 0.17970 0.(1.  The Marketmaker Model Applied )awidthshow
286 288 gm
56 gr
286 491 lin
287 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(46)ashow
311 78 gm
2.92053 0. 32 0.29205 0.(2.  Stimulating Competitive Sources of Supply)awidthshow
310 345 gm
56 gr
310 491 lin
311 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(46)ashow
335 78 gm
2.43652 0. 32 0.24365 0.(3.  Maintaining Competitive Pricing )awidthshow
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56 gr
334 491 lin
335 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(47)ashow
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2.35565 0. 32 0.23556 0.(4. Protecting the Interests of the Research and Academic)awidthshow
371 95 gm
2.12371 0. 32 0.21237 0.(Communities:  Serving As A General Contractor )awidthshow
370 374 gm
56 gr
370 491 lin
371 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(47)ashow
395 78 gm
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394 434 gm
56 gr
394 491 lin
395 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(48)ashow
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56 gr
418 491 lin
419 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(49)ashow
431 42 gm
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
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( )show
443 78 gm
1 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
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2.75741 0. 32 0.27574 0.(7. Engaging in Secondary Functions - Good Citizenship )awidthshow
442 402 gm
56<0101010101010101>pat
442 491 lin
443 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(52)ashow
470 42 gm
5 fs
211.72027 ul
1.88720 0. 32 0.18872 0.(C. The Viability of the Market Maker)awidthshow
1 fs
( )show
469 258 gm
56 gr
469 491 lin
470 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(53)ashow
494 78 gm
1.89682 0. 32 0.18968 0.(1. One or Many?)awidthshow
493 174 gm
56 gr
493 491 lin
494 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(53)ashow
518 78 gm
2.63092 0. 32 0.26309 0.(2. Funding Mechanisms, Organization and Viability )awidthshow
517 377 gm
56 gr
517 491 lin
518 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(54)ashow
542 78 gm
2.51510 0. 32 0.25151 0.(3. Contribution of the State Networks )awidthshow
541 299 gm
56 gr
541 491 lin
542 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(55)ashow
566 78 gm
2.42340 0. 32 0.24234 0.(4. Relations With the Regional Bell Operating Companies )awidthshow
565 410 gm
56 gr
565 491 lin
566 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.00006 0.(55)ashow
590 42 gm
0.87557 0.(Prognosis)ashow
589 100 gm
56 gr
589 491 lin
590 492 gm
1 setTxMode
2.5 0. 32 0.25 0.(57 )awidthshow
F T cp
%%Page: ? 4
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0 0 730 552 fr
0 0 xl
1 1 pen
53 42 gm
(nc 0 0 730 552 6 rc)kp
1 setTxMode
1 fs
14 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
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4.26666 0. 32 0.42666 0.(Executive Summary)awidthshow
101 42 gm
4 fs
12 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
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140.00048 ul
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0 fs
-0.06483 0.(We analyze the three tiers of the NSFNET in terms of existing models of the U.S. high-speed)ashow
137 42 gm
-0.13734 0.(telecommunications entities.  Analysis leads to the conclusion that the 3-tier model currently in)ashow
149 42 gm
-0.11552 0.(vogue is both artificial and inadequate.  It is artificial because there are no inherent reasons for)ashow
161 42 gm
-0.13078 0.(limiting the activities of a particular tier, or assigning specific network activities to a particular tier. )ashow
173 42 gm
-0.09762 0.(Networks in any tier may reorganize themselves to take on the functions of another tier, or of all)ashow
185 42 gm
-0.09277 0.(three tiers, or to divest themselves of functions and create new tiers.  The model is inadequate)ashow
197 42 gm
-0.11975 0.(because it fails to differentiate among the various types of services and organizational modes)ashow
209 42 gm
-0.06166 0.(adopted by existing networks.  Because of these flaws, the 3-tier model does not provide insight)ashow
221 42 gm
-0.08506 0.(into the future evolution of the regional networks.)ashow
245 42 gm
4 fs
330.99806 ul
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269 60 gm
0 fs
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281 42 gm
-0.05781 0.(currently has four types, The Limited Network,the Low Cost Operator, the For-Profit Full Service)ashow
293 42 gm
-0.03312 0.(Provider \(FSP\), and the Not-For-Profit Full Service Provider.  There is also beginning of a trend)ashow
305 42 gm
-0.09613 0.(to evolve towards a fifth type, which we call the Marketmaker.)ashow
329 42 gm
4 fs
284.99916 ul
-0.08581 0.(Analysis of Regional's Activities from Perspective of a Firm)ashow
353 60 gm
0 fs
-0.08963 0.(We analyze the five types of networks in terms of a simple model of a business.  We identify)ashow
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-0.07597 0.(current and potential markets in which the different types of networks operate, assess how they)ashow
377 42 gm
-0.09857 0.(have functioned to date, and look at the relationships of the different network types to other)ashow
389 42 gm
-0.10275 0.(entities, such as the traditional telcom carriers or state governments.)ashow
413 42 gm
4 fs
326.99960 ul
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0 fs
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449 42 gm
-0.11340 0.(productivity by means of high-speed telecommunications techniques.  We identify the most)ashow
461 42 gm
-0.09567 0.(effective ways in which the Marketmaker can achieve its goals, by divesting itself of operations, by)ashow
473 42 gm
-0.09233 0.(acting as a general contractor, by stimulating and assuring competitive sources of supply for)ashow
485 42 gm
-0.09263 0.(NREN connectivity, and viewed from the perspective of a for-profit firm by marketing both)ashow
497 42 gm
-0.04499 0.(concepts and services.)ashow
521 42 gm
4 fs
66.00004 ul
-0.12037 0.(Things To Do)ashow
545 78 gm
0 fs
(\245)show
545 114 gm
-0.10671 0.(Regionals should start thinking about divesting themselves of actual )ashow
545 438 gm
(operations.)show
557 78 gm
(\245)show
557 114 gm
-0.07304 0.(They should broaden their horizons, start acting as general contractors.)ashow
569 78 gm
(\245)show
569 114 gm
-0.07057 0.(They should begin doing serious marketing of the concept of networking, and)ashow
581 114 gm
-0.13246 0.(educate the appropriate communities about network connectivity.)ashow
593 78 gm
(\245)show
593 114 gm
-0.06182 0.(They should begin to view themselves as businesses and their publics as markets.)ashow
605 78 gm
(\245)show
605 114 gm
-0.10589 0.(They should be creative in seeking strategic alliances and partnerships.)ashow
629 42 gm
4 fs
87.00056 ul
-0.08804 0.(Things Not To Do)ashow
653 78 gm
0 fs
-0.05889 0.(\245 Regionals should not continue business as usual)ashow
687 42 gm
2 fs
bu fc
{}mark T /Times-Italic /|______Times-Italic 0 rf
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bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt
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0.06622 0. 32 0.00662 0.(Future of Mid-Level Networks)awidthshow
687 366 gm
( )show
687 438 gm
-0.27603 0.(Page  1)ashow
F T cp
%%Page: ? 5
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1 1 pen
53 42 gm
(nc 0 0 730 552 6 rc)kp
1 setTxMode
1 fs
14 fz
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2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
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3.05252 0. 32 0.30525 0.(I. The Evolution of the Networks : A Review)awidthshow
101 42 gm
5 fs
12 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
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158.99995 ul
2.69531 0. 32 0.26953 0.(A.  A Historical perspective)awidthshow
125 42 gm
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
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-0.09373 0.(In 1984 as a result of intense lobbying by  the physics community and the broader scientific)ashow
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bu fc
{}mark T /Helvetica /|______Helvetica 0 rf
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12.47991 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Helvetica fnt
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-0.06327 0.(  )ashow
12 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
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152 42 gm
-0.04487 0.(Challenge."  In response, Congress authorized the National Science Foundation \(NSF\)  to fund)ashow
165 42 gm
-0.05973 0.(the construction and operation of US supercomputing centers)ashow
0 -2 rm
8.31994 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Helvetica fnt
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-0.05540 0.(1)ashow
0 2 rm
10.39993 fz
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2 F /|______Helvetica fnt
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-0.03460 0.(  )ashow
12 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
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-0.06449 0.(which would assure that US)ashow
177 42 gm
-0.09927 0.(researchers had available to them the computing power necessary to stay abreast of the Japanese.)ashow
189 42 gm
-0.08015 0.(In 1984 the NSF issued a solicitation for the establishment of these centers and by the end of 1985)ashow
201 42 gm
-0.05642 0.(funds for the establishment of five new Supercomputer Centers were awarded by the NSF. These)ashow
213 42 gm
-0.11004 0.(five centers joined the already functioning NSF-funded National Center for Atmospheric Research )ashow
225 42 gm
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249 42 gm
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562 42 gm
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542 305 qc
542 305 qc
541 317 qc
541 317 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 411 42 613 424 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
564 281 gm
564 281 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
558 281 gm
bp
564 281 T qi
564 281 qc
571 284 qc
571 284 qc
575 284 qc
575 284 qc
576 283 qc
576 283 qc
580 283 qc
580 283 qc
583 283 qc
583 283 qc
583 294 qc
583 294 qc
581 294 qc
581 294 qc
581 298 qc
581 298 qc
587 301 qc
587 301 qc
587 304 qc
587 304 qc
585 304 qc
585 304 qc
586 309 qc
586 309 qc
583 309 qc
583 309 qc
587 313 qc
587 313 qc
585 314 qc
585 314 qc
582 311 qc
582 311 qc
580 314 qc
580 314 qc
579 312 qc
579 312 qc
580 310 qc
580 310 qc
579 307 qc
579 307 qc
579 305 qc
579 305 qc
577 306 qc
577 306 qc
577 309 qc
577 309 qc
578 309 qc
578 309 qc
578 310 qc
578 310 qc
575 309 qc
575 309 qc
572 309 qc
572 309 qc
573 297 qc
573 297 qc
570 297 qc
570 297 qc
564 301 qc
564 301 qc
562 301 qc
562 301 qc
559 299 qc
559 299 qc
558 299 qc
558 299 qc
558 281 qc
558 281 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 411 42 613 424 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
571 364 gm
571 364 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
569 363 gm
bp
571 364 T qi
571 364 qc
579 367 qc
579 367 qc
583 372 qc
583 372 qc
586 372 qc
586 372 qc
595 377 qc
595 377 qc
606 377 qc
606 377 qc
609 374 qc
609 374 qc
609 372 qc
609 372 qc
606 372 qc
606 372 qc
604 366 qc
604 366 qc
599 364 qc
599 364 qc
597 364 qc
597 364 qc
598 362 qc
598 362 qc
595 359 qc
595 359 qc
590 359 qc
590 359 qc
590 357 qc
590 357 qc
584 358 qc
584 358 qc
581 354 qc
581 354 qc
576 349 qc
576 349 qc
576 346 qc
576 346 qc
579 342 qc
579 342 qc
579 339 qc
579 339 qc
577 337 qc
577 337 qc
575 332 qc
575 332 qc
575 329 qc
575 329 qc
576 328 qc
576 328 qc
576 325 qc
576 325 qc
573 325 qc
573 325 qc
573 323 qc
573 323 qc
570 324 qc
570 324 qc
570 339 qc
570 339 qc
571 341 qc
571 341 qc
571 359 qc
571 359 qc
569 359 qc
569 359 qc
569 363 qc
569 363 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 411 42 613 424 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
485 323 gm
485 323 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
489 320 gm
bp
485 323 T qi
485 323 qc
480 323 qc
480 323 qc
478 320 qc
478 320 qc
468 321 qc
468 321 qc
463 325 qc
463 325 qc
462 327 qc
462 327 qc
460 327 qc
460 327 qc
459 328 qc
459 328 qc
461 332 qc
461 332 qc
461 334 qc
461 334 qc
462 337 qc
462 337 qc
469 337 qc
469 337 qc
473 334 qc
473 334 qc
475 335 qc
475 335 qc
473 337 qc
473 337 qc
471 339 qc
471 339 qc
472 341 qc
472 341 qc
479 344 qc
479 344 qc
481 344 qc
481 344 qc
482 342 qc
482 342 qc
489 339 qc
489 339 qc
489 331 qc
489 331 qc
489 320 qc
489 320 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 411 42 613 424 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
458 300 gm
458 300 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
456 298 gm
bp
458 300 T qi
458 300 qc
459 308 qc
459 308 qc
462 312 qc
462 312 qc
465 313 qc
465 313 qc
462 316 qc
462 316 qc
461 316 qc
461 316 qc
460 319 qc
460 319 qc
457 324 qc
457 324 qc
458 328 qc
458 328 qc
457 331 qc
457 331 qc
453 328 qc
453 328 qc
453 326 qc
453 326 qc
452 326 qc
452 326 qc
452 324 qc
452 324 qc
453 323 qc
453 323 qc
453 320 qc
453 320 qc
454 318 qc
454 318 qc
455 314 qc
455 314 qc
452 311 qc
452 311 qc
452 308 qc
452 308 qc
449 310 qc
449 310 qc
447 310 qc
447 310 qc
448 309 qc
448 309 qc
453 303 qc
453 303 qc
453 301 qc
453 301 qc
453 300 qc
453 300 qc
456 298 qc
456 298 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 411 42 613 424 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
464 318 gm
464 318 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
463 317 gm
bp
464 318 T qi
464 318 qc
471 314 qc
471 314 qc
479 313 qc
479 313 qc
485 314 qc
485 314 qc
486 298 qc
486 298 qc
484 295 qc
484 295 qc
479 295 qc
479 295 qc
476 294 qc
476 294 qc
470 285 qc
470 285 qc
462 285 qc
462 285 qc
460 288 qc
460 288 qc
456 288 qc
456 288 qc
455 291 qc
455 291 qc
453 292 qc
453 292 qc
453 295 qc
453 295 qc
456 298 qc
456 298 qc
458 300 qc
458 300 qc
459 308 qc
459 308 qc
462 312 qc
462 312 qc
465 313 qc
465 313 qc
467 312 qc
467 312 qc
470 311 qc
470 311 qc
463 317 qc
463 317 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 411 42 613 424 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
489 315 gm
489 315 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
485 314 gm
bp
489 315 T qi
489 315 qc
491 317 qc
491 317 qc
514 318 qc
514 318 qc
518 316 qc
518 316 qc
520 316 qc
520 316 qc
525 313 qc
525 313 qc
525 310 qc
525 310 qc
525 310 qc
525 310 qc
526 310 qc
526 310 qc
526 308 qc
526 308 qc
521 306 qc
521 306 qc
521 306 qc
521 306 qc
517 301 qc
517 301 qc
514 302 qc
514 302 qc
512 301 qc
512 301 qc
513 300 qc
513 300 qc
511 299 qc
511 299 qc
507 295 qc
507 295 qc
501 294 qc
501 294 qc
498 297 qc
498 297 qc
494 297 qc
494 297 qc
492 301 qc
492 301 qc
489 301 qc
489 301 qc
486 298 qc
486 298 qc
485 314 qc
485 314 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 411 42 613 424 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
478 265 gm
478 265 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
480 265 gm
bp
478 265 T qi
478 265 qc
465 265 qc
465 265 qc
465 265 qc
465 265 qc
463 265 qc
463 265 qc
463 265 qc
463 265 qc
462 265 qc
462 265 qc
459 265 qc
459 265 qc
455 264 qc
455 264 qc
438 262 qc
438 262 qc
438 272 qc
438 272 qc
435 272 qc
435 272 qc
435 274 qc
435 274 qc
437 274 qc
437 274 qc
440 275 qc
440 275 qc
442 281 qc
442 281 qc
441 284 qc
441 284 qc
443 288 qc
443 288 qc
444 292 qc
444 292 qc
444 293 qc
444 293 qc
444 298 qc
444 298 qc
445 301 qc
445 301 qc
447 298 qc
447 298 qc
447 296 qc
447 296 qc
456 288 qc
456 288 qc
460 288 qc
460 288 qc
462 285 qc
462 285 qc
470 285 qc
470 285 qc
476 294 qc
476 294 qc
479 295 qc
479 295 qc
480 265 qc
480 265 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 411 42 613 424 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
437 228 gm
437 228 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
438 262 gm
bp
437 228 T qi
437 228 qc
461 226 qc
461 226 qc
462 265 qc
462 265 qc
459 265 qc
459 265 qc
455 264 qc
455 264 qc
438 262 qc
438 262 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 411 42 613 424 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
467 225 gm
467 225 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
461 226 gm
bp
467 225 T qi
467 225 qc
482 224 qc
482 224 qc
483 254 qc
483 254 qc
485 256 qc
485 256 qc
484 262 qc
484 262 qc
487 265 qc
487 265 qc
480 265 qc
480 265 qc
465 265 qc
465 265 qc
465 265 qc
465 265 qc
463 265 qc
463 265 qc
463 265 qc
463 265 qc
462 265 qc
462 265 qc
461 226 qc
461 226 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 411 42 613 424 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
487 265 gm
487 265 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
480 265 gm
bp
487 265 T qi
487 265 qc
501 270 qc
501 270 qc
501 270 qc
501 270 qc
501 294 qc
501 294 qc
498 297 qc
498 297 qc
494 297 qc
494 297 qc
492 301 qc
492 301 qc
489 301 qc
489 301 qc
486 298 qc
486 298 qc
484 295 qc
484 295 qc
479 295 qc
479 295 qc
480 265 qc
480 265 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 411 42 613 424 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
506 272 gm
506 272 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
501 270 gm
bp
506 272 T qi
506 272 qc
507 274 qc
507 274 qc
509 274 qc
509 274 qc
513 276 qc
513 276 qc
528 276 qc
528 276 qc
532 276 qc
532 276 qc
532 304 qc
532 304 qc
534 302 qc
534 302 qc
534 307 qc
534 307 qc
531 307 qc
531 307 qc
530 309 qc
530 309 qc
526 310 qc
526 310 qc
526 308 qc
526 308 qc
521 306 qc
521 306 qc
517 301 qc
517 301 qc
514 302 qc
514 302 qc
512 301 qc
512 301 qc
513 300 qc
513 300 qc
511 299 qc
511 299 qc
507 295 qc
507 295 qc
501 294 qc
501 294 qc
501 270 qc
501 270 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 411 42 613 424 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
484 262 gm
484 262 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
487 265 gm
bp
484 262 T qi
484 262 qc
485 256 qc
485 256 qc
483 254 qc
483 254 qc
482 224 qc
482 224 qc
497 222 qc
497 222 qc
498 234 qc
498 234 qc
505 234 qc
505 234 qc
506 272 qc
506 272 qc
501 270 qc
501 270 qc
487 265 qc
487 265 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 411 42 613 424 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
527 232 gm
527 232 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
505 234 gm
bp
527 232 T qi
527 232 qc
528 276 qc
528 276 qc
513 276 qc
513 276 qc
509 274 qc
509 274 qc
507 274 qc
507 274 qc
506 272 qc
506 272 qc
505 234 qc
505 234 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 411 42 613 424 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
552 275 gm
552 275 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
552 277 gm
bp
552 275 F qi
552 275 qc
552 275 qc
552 275 qc
552 269 qc
552 269 qc
552 259 qc
552 259 qc
550 255 qc
550 255 qc
550 251 qc
550 251 qc
548 247 qc
548 247 qc
548 246 qc
548 246 qc
545 244 qc
545 244 qc
532 244 qc
532 244 qc
531 226 qc
531 226 qc
527 226 qc
527 226 qc
527 232 qc
527 232 qc
528 276 qc
528 276 qc
532 276 qc
532 276 qc
552 278 qc
552 278 F qq
ef
9 ec
(nc 411 42 613 424 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
552 278 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
532 276 gm
bp
552 278 T qi
552 278 qc
553 278 qc
553 278 qc
553 281 qc
553 281 qc
558 281 qc
558 281 qc
558 299 qc
558 299 qc
550 299 qc
550 299 qc
547 302 qc
547 302 qc
544 302 qc
544 302 qc
542 305 qc
542 305 qc
538 305 qc
538 305 qc
534 307 qc
534 307 qc
534 302 qc
534 302 qc
532 304 qc
532 304 qc
532 276 qc
532 276 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 411 42 613 424 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
564 223 gm
564 223 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
562 201 gm
bp
564 223 T qi
564 223 qc
531 226 qc
531 226 qc
532 244 qc
532 244 qc
545 244 qc
545 244 qc
548 246 qc
548 246 qc
548 247 qc
548 247 qc
550 251 qc
550 251 qc
550 255 qc
550 255 qc
552 259 qc
552 259 qc
552 275 qc
552 275 qc
552 275 qc
552 275 qc
552 278 qc
552 278 qc
553 278 qc
553 278 qc
553 281 qc
553 281 qc
558 281 qc
558 281 qc
564 281 qc
564 281 qc
571 284 qc
571 284 qc
575 284 qc
575 284 qc
576 283 qc
576 283 qc
580 283 qc
580 283 qc
583 283 qc
583 283 qc
584 279 qc
584 279 qc
585 277 qc
585 277 qc
582 276 qc
582 276 qc
584 274 qc
584 274 qc
587 275 qc
587 275 qc
589 273 qc
589 273 qc
589 273 qc
589 273 qc
589 271 qc
589 271 qc
590 270 qc
590 270 qc
591 267 qc
591 267 qc
595 263 qc
595 263 qc
601 259 qc
601 259 qc
611 260 qc
611 260 qc
612 256 qc
612 256 qc
609 256 qc
609 256 qc
610 252 qc
610 252 qc
606 247 qc
606 247 qc
605 247 qc
605 247 qc
603 245 qc
603 245 qc
598 245 qc
598 245 qc
591 238 qc
591 238 qc
588 238 qc
588 238 qc
582 232 qc
582 232 qc
582 224 qc
582 224 qc
585 223 qc
585 223 qc
588 220 qc
588 220 qc
588 220 qc
588 220 qc
586 218 qc
586 218 qc
586 215 qc
586 215 qc
580 212 qc
580 212 qc
576 212 qc
576 212 qc
565 202 qc
565 202 qc
564 201 qc
564 201 qc
562 201 qc
562 201 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 411 42 613 424 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
526 310 gm
526 310 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
525 310 gm
bp
525 310 T qi
525 310 qc
526 310 qc
526 310 qc
530 309 qc
530 309 qc
530 316 qc
530 316 qc
528 318 qc
528 318 qc
526 344 qc
526 344 qc
519 352 qc
519 352 qc
515 347 qc
515 347 qc
512 347 qc
512 347 qc
511 346 qc
511 346 qc
511 337 qc
511 337 qc
509 336 qc
509 336 qc
509 333 qc
509 333 qc
511 333 qc
511 333 qc
512 330 qc
512 330 qc
517 327 qc
517 327 qc
519 322 qc
519 322 qc
520 316 qc
520 316 qc
525 313 qc
525 313 qc
525 310 qc
525 310 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 411 42 613 424 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
452 399 gm
452 399 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
450 400 gm
bp
450 400 T qi
450 400 qc
452 399 qc
452 399 qc
455 399 qc
455 399 qc
458 398 qc
458 398 qc
470 398 qc
470 398 qc
466 406 qc
466 406 qc
464 406 qc
464 406 qc
461 404 qc
461 404 qc
455 402 qc
455 402 qc
450 400 qc
450 400 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 411 42 613 424 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
461 404 gm
461 404 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
464 406 gm
bp
461 404 T qi
461 404 qc
455 402 qc
455 402 qc
450 400 qc
450 400 qc
444 403 qc
444 403 qc
433 403 qc
433 403 qc
431 406 qc
431 406 qc
431 412 qc
431 412 qc
433 413 qc
433 413 qc
436 414 qc
436 414 qc
442 417 qc
442 417 qc
445 422 qc
445 422 qc
447 422 qc
447 422 qc
453 413 qc
453 413 qc
456 413 qc
456 413 qc
459 408 qc
459 408 qc
462 408 qc
462 408 qc
464 406 qc
464 406 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 411 42 613 424 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
461 226 gm
461 226 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
437 228 gm
bp
461 226 T qi
461 226 qc
467 225 qc
467 225 qc
462 188 qc
462 188 qc
465 188 qc
465 188 qc
465 178 qc
465 178 qc
462 178 qc
462 178 qc
462 176 qc
462 176 qc
455 175 qc
455 175 qc
456 171 qc
456 171 qc
448 174 qc
448 174 qc
440 168 qc
440 168 qc
429 169 qc
429 169 qc
431 180 qc
431 180 qc
435 210 qc
435 210 qc
437 228 qc
437 228 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 411 42 613 424 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
465 188 gm
465 188 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
462 188 gm
bp
465 188 T qi
465 188 qc
484 185 qc
484 185 qc
492 184 qc
492 184 qc
493 194 qc
493 194 qc
497 222 qc
497 222 qc
482 224 qc
482 224 qc
467 225 qc
467 225 qc
462 188 qc
462 188 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 411 42 613 424 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
505 234 gm
505 234 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
498 234 gm
bp
505 234 T qi
505 234 qc
527 232 qc
527 232 qc
527 226 qc
527 226 qc
524 191 qc
524 191 qc
493 194 qc
493 194 qc
497 222 qc
497 222 qc
498 234 qc
498 234 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 411 42 613 424 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
531 226 gm
531 226 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
527 226 gm
bp
531 226 T qi
531 226 qc
564 223 qc
564 223 qc
562 201 qc
562 201 qc
564 201 qc
564 201 qc
563 190 qc
563 190 qc
566 190 qc
566 190 qc
566 188 qc
566 188 qc
565 185 qc
565 185 qc
524 191 qc
524 191 qc
527 226 qc
527 226 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 411 42 613 424 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
524 191 gm
524 191 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
493 194 gm
bp
524 191 T qi
524 191 qc
518 162 qc
518 162 qc
481 169 qc
481 169 qc
484 185 qc
484 185 qc
492 184 qc
492 184 qc
493 194 qc
493 194 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 411 42 613 424 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
565 185 gm
565 185 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
524 191 gm
bp
565 185 T qi
565 185 qc
563 173 qc
563 173 qc
550 151 qc
550 151 qc
548 151 qc
548 151 qc
548 154 qc
548 154 qc
546 155 qc
546 155 qc
545 153 qc
545 153 qc
543 153 qc
543 153 qc
543 153 qc
543 153 qc
540 155 qc
540 155 qc
540 155 qc
540 155 qc
538 158 qc
538 158 qc
531 156 qc
531 156 qc
531 157 qc
531 157 qc
524 157 qc
524 157 qc
524 159 qc
524 159 qc
525 160 qc
525 160 qc
525 162 qc
525 162 qc
518 162 qc
518 162 qc
524 191 qc
524 191 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 411 42 613 424 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
518 162 gm
518 162 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
481 169 gm
bp
518 162 T qi
518 162 qc
525 162 qc
525 162 qc
525 160 qc
525 160 qc
524 159 qc
524 159 qc
524 157 qc
524 157 qc
531 157 qc
531 157 qc
531 156 qc
531 156 qc
495 133 qc
495 133 qc
473 138 qc
473 138 qc
478 154 qc
478 154 qc
481 169 qc
481 169 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 411 42 613 424 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
548 154 gm
548 154 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
548 151 gm
bp
548 154 T qi
548 154 qc
546 155 qc
546 155 qc
545 153 qc
545 153 qc
543 153 qc
543 153 qc
543 153 qc
543 153 qc
540 155 qc
540 155 qc
540 155 qc
540 155 qc
538 158 qc
538 158 qc
538 158 qc
538 158 qc
531 156 qc
531 156 qc
531 156 qc
531 156 qc
495 133 qc
495 133 qc
473 138 qc
473 138 qc
467 116 qc
467 116 qc
472 116 qc
472 116 qc
474 114 qc
474 114 qc
477 114 qc
477 114 qc
477 112 qc
477 112 qc
480 112 qc
480 112 qc
481 113 qc
481 113 qc
491 113 qc
491 113 qc
493 115 qc
493 115 qc
497 115 qc
497 115 qc
499 117 qc
499 117 qc
498 118 qc
498 118 qc
498 119 qc
498 119 qc
502 120 qc
502 120 qc
503 119 qc
503 119 qc
501 117 qc
501 117 qc
506 117 qc
506 117 qc
506 118 qc
506 118 qc
507 119 qc
507 119 qc
509 119 qc
509 119 qc
509 118 qc
509 118 qc
512 118 qc
512 118 qc
515 120 qc
515 120 qc
528 121 qc
528 121 qc
529 125 qc
529 125 qc
533 129 qc
533 129 qc
533 130 qc
533 130 qc
534 132 qc
534 132 qc
534 131 qc
534 131 qc
536 131 qc
536 131 qc
536 133 qc
536 133 qc
540 136 qc
540 136 qc
546 137 qc
546 137 qc
548 151 qc
548 151 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 411 42 613 424 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
440 168 gm
440 168 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
429 169 gm
bp
440 168 T qi
440 168 qc
448 174 qc
448 174 qc
456 171 qc
456 171 qc
455 175 qc
455 175 qc
462 176 qc
462 176 qc
462 178 qc
462 178 qc
465 178 qc
465 178 qc
465 188 qc
465 188 qc
484 185 qc
484 185 qc
481 169 qc
481 169 qc
478 154 qc
478 154 qc
465 157 qc
465 157 qc
463 157 qc
463 157 qc
460 157 qc
460 157 qc
453 162 qc
453 162 qc
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(nc 411 42 613 424 6 rc)kp
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84 362 qc
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73 301 qc
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48 304 qc
53 306 qc
53 306 qc
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43 353 qc
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52 362 qc
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57 358 qc
62 358 qc
62 358 qc
68 365 qc
68 365 qc
73 360 qc
73 360 qc
73 356 qc
73 356 qc
77 355 qc
77 355 T qq
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93 315 lin
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86 337 qc
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91 342 qc
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95 344 qc
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98 342 qc
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102 355 qc
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91 349 qc
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86 349 qc
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84 353 qc
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88 355 qc
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98 358 qc
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104 360 qc
104 367 qc
104 367 qc
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93 367 qc
93 360 qc
93 360 qc
77 355 qc
77 355 qc
86 315 qc
86 315 T qq
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0 0 pen
75 297 gm
75 297 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
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75 297 qc
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89 299 qc
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97 288 qc
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107 284 qc
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109 281 qc
115 281 qc
115 281 qc
124 290 qc
124 290 qc
125 292 qc
125 292 qc
125 299 qc
125 299 qc
120 310 qc
120 310 qc
104 315 qc
104 315 qc
91 328 qc
91 328 qc
88 331 qc
88 331 qc
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89 335 qc
86 337 qc
86 337 qc
84 331 qc
84 331 qc
88 328 qc
88 328 qc
86 322 qc
86 322 qc
93 315 qc
93 315 qc
86 315 qc
86 315 qc
86 302 qc
86 302 qc
73 301 qc
73 301 T qq
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140 295 lin
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158 292 qc
158 292 qc
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156 308 qc
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160 328 qc
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160 349 qc
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152 364 qc
142 373 qc
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134 373 qc
134 373 qc
122 365 qc
122 365 qc
129 335 qc
129 335 qc
136 295 qc
136 295 T qq
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0 0 pen
147 200 gm
147 200 lin
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154 200 qc
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167 220 qc
165 252 qc
165 252 qc
163 268 qc
163 268 qc
160 268 qc
160 268 qc
145 288 qc
145 288 qc
140 295 qc
140 295 qc
136 295 qc
136 295 qc
138 274 qc
138 274 qc
142 221 qc
142 221 qc
145 218 qc
145 218 qc
145 203 qc
145 203 T qq
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13 ec
(nc 41 146 305 405 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
167 281 gm
167 281 lin
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167 281 T qi
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196 322 qc
181 335 qc
181 335 qc
169 338 qc
169 338 qc
160 328 qc
160 328 qc
160 311 qc
160 311 qc
156 308 qc
156 308 qc
158 292 qc
158 292 qc
161 283 qc
161 283 T qq
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13 ec
(nc 41 146 305 405 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
167 281 gm
167 281 lin
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215 265 qc
215 265 qc
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165 252 qc
165 252 qc
163 268 qc
163 268 qc
161 283 qc
161 283 T qq
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13 ec
(nc 41 146 305 405 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
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167 220 qc
165 252 qc
165 252 T qq
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13 ec
(nc 41 146 305 405 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
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221 220 lin
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167 220 qc
167 220 T qq
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13 ec
(nc 41 146 305 405 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
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214 148 lin
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13 ec
(nc 41 146 305 405 6 rc)kp
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275 304 qc
266 304 qc
266 304 qc
266 301 qc
266 301 qc
253 302 qc
253 302 qc
248 293 qc
248 293 qc
237 284 qc
237 284 qc
237 277 qc
237 277 qc
242 270 qc
242 270 qc
242 265 qc
242 265 qc
239 259 qc
239 259 qc
235 250 qc
235 250 qc
235 245 qc
235 245 qc
237 241 qc
237 241 qc
237 236 qc
237 236 qc
232 236 qc
232 236 qc
232 232 qc
232 232 qc
226 234 qc
226 234 qc
224 265 qc
224 265 qc
228 268 qc
228 268 qc
228 304 qc
228 304 qc
223 304 qc
223 304 qc
223 311 qc
223 311 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 41 146 305 405 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
136 205 gm
136 205 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
134 207 gm
bp
136 205 T qi
136 205 qc
138 205 qc
138 205 qc
145 203 qc
145 203 qc
145 218 qc
145 218 qc
142 221 qc
142 221 qc
138 274 qc
138 274 qc
124 290 qc
124 290 qc
115 281 qc
115 281 qc
109 281 qc
109 281 qc
107 277 qc
107 277 qc
107 261 qc
107 261 qc
104 257 qc
104 257 qc
104 252 qc
104 252 qc
107 252 qc
107 252 qc
109 247 qc
109 247 qc
120 239 qc
120 239 qc
124 230 qc
124 230 qc
125 218 qc
125 218 qc
136 212 qc
136 212 qc
134 207 qc
134 207 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 41 146 305 405 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
89 344 gm
89 344 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
91 342 gm
bp
89 344 T qi
89 344 qc
91 346 qc
91 346 qc
93 344 qc
93 344 qc
91 342 qc
91 342 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 41 146 305 405 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
125 292 gm
125 292 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
124 290 gm
bp
125 292 T qi
125 292 qc
125 299 qc
125 299 qc
120 310 qc
120 310 qc
104 315 qc
104 315 qc
88 331 qc
88 331 qc
89 335 qc
89 335 qc
86 337 qc
86 337 qc
91 342 qc
91 342 qc
95 344 qc
95 344 qc
98 342 qc
98 342 qc
102 355 qc
102 355 qc
116 356 qc
116 356 qc
122 365 qc
122 365 qc
129 335 qc
129 335 qc
136 295 qc
136 295 qc
138 274 qc
138 274 qc
124 290 qc
124 290 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 41 146 305 405 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
114 362 gm
114 362 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
104 364 gm
bp
114 362 T qi
114 362 qc
118 363 qc
118 363 qc
113 366 qc
113 366 qc
104 367 qc
104 367 qc
104 364 qc
104 364 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 41 146 305 405 6 rc)kp
104 367 gm
89 304 96 311 1 ov
89.5 304.5 95.5 310.5 0 ov
89 342 96 348 1 ov
89.5 342.5 95.5 347.5 0 ov
76 355 82 362 1 ov
76.5 355.5 81.5 361.5 0 ov
62 365 68 372 1 ov
62.5 365.5 67.5 371.5 0 ov
115 252 121 258 1 ov
115.5 252.5 120.5 257.5 0 ov
146 262 152 268 1 ov
146.5 262.5 151.5 267.5 0 ov
122 314 129 321 1 ov
122.5 314.5 128.5 320.5 0 ov
135 337 142 343 1 ov
135.5 337.5 141.5 342.5 0 ov
166 296 172 302 1 ov
166.5 296.5 171.5 301.5 0 ov
183 274 190 281 1 ov
183.5 274.5 189.5 280.5 0 ov
230 286 237 292 1 ov
230.5 286.5 236.5 291.5 0 ov
189 242 196 248 1 ov
189.5 242.5 195.5 247.5 0 ov
237 184 244 191 1 ov
237.5 184.5 243.5 190.5 0 ov
91.5 345.5 92.5 345.5 90 180 0 ar
2 2 pen
147 264 gm
116 253 lin
191 243 gm
147 264 lin
117 253 gm
90 343 lin
239 186 gm
192 243 lin
190 244 gm
184 276 lin
185 276 gm
137 339 lin
90 343 gm
124 316 lin
124 317 gm
137 339 lin
185 276 gm
232 286 lin
91 343 gm
77 356 lin
90 306 gm
90 343 lin
36 320 94 367 0 90 0 ar
243 163 gm
(nc 234 162 246 183 6 rc)kp
1 setTxMode
0 fs
10 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Helvetica fnt
bn
(LSU)show
206 238 gm
(nc 197 237 209 263 6 rc)kp
-0.36145 0.(U Ala)ashow
154 224 gm
(nc 145 223 157 257 6 rc)kp
(U Tenn)show
141 343 gm
(nc 132 342 156 380 6 rc)kp
-0.01582 0.(Triangle)ashow
153 343 gm
-0.18559 0.(Park)ashow
175 305 gm
(nc 166 304 178 345 6 rc)kp
(Clemson)show
239 296 gm
(nc 230 295 242 353 6 rc)kp
-0.05621 0.(Florida State)ashow
194 285 gm
(nc 185 284 197 346 6 rc)kp
-0.05149 0.(Georgia Tech)ashow
124 323 gm
(nc 115 322 127 361 6 rc)kp
-0.03901 0.(Va Tech)ashow
132 233 gm
(nc 123 232 135 255 6 rc)kp
-0.22250 0.(U Ky)ashow
98 267 gm
(nc 89 266 101 302 6 rc)kp
-0.48866 0.(U W Va)ashow
103 362 gm
(nc 94 361 118 386 6 rc)kp
-0.29470 0.(U Md)ashow
115 362 gm
(NSF)show
74 330 gm
(nc 65 329 77 355 6 rc)kp
-0.24876 0.(U Del)ashow
64 377 gm
(nc 55 376 67 404 6 rc)kp
-0.03611 0.(JVNC)ashow
76 178 gm
(nc 62 177 81 251 6 rc)kp
1 fs
14 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Helvetica-Bold fnt
bn
(SURANet)show
326 207 gm
(nc 0 0 730 552 6 rc)kp
0 fs
12 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
0.04867 0. 32 0.00486 0.(Figure 3 .  SURANet \(1987\))awidthshow
338 42 gm
0.00688 0.(---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------)ashow
0 0 pen
583 364 gm
(nc 365 115 611 436 6 rc)kp
0 gr
583 364 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
64 gr
pr
573 367 pl
583 364 pl
590 357 pl
571 358 pl
565 356 pl
559 351 pl
574 358 pl
563 323 pl
559 311 pl
543 304 pl
541 299 pl
542 296 pl
535 291 pl
567 124 pl
553 122 pl
539 135 pl
535 143 pl
521 152 pl
507 141 pl
498 139 pl
487 164 pl
485 187 pl
489 196 pl
480 223 pl
463 242 pl
448 236 pl
442 241 pl
440 231 pl
431 232 pl
429 236 pl
425 237 pl
417 246 pl
391 261 pl
378 277 pl
366 330 pl
386 333 pl
394 339 pl
415 338 pl
429 345 pl
439 344 pl
440 346 pl
436 348 pl
440 352 pl
480 361 pl
517 361 pl
560 371 pl
568 363 pl
572 367 pl
573 367 pl
4 ep
573 367 gm
bp
583 364 T qi
583 364 qc
590 357 qc
590 357 qc
571 358 qc
571 358 qc
565 356 qc
565 356 qc
559 351 qc
559 351 qc
574 358 qc
574 358 qc
563 323 qc
563 323 qc
559 311 qc
559 311 qc
543 304 qc
543 304 qc
541 299 qc
541 299 qc
542 296 qc
542 296 qc
535 291 qc
535 291 qc
567 124 qc
567 124 qc
553 122 qc
553 122 qc
539 135 qc
539 135 qc
535 143 qc
535 143 qc
521 152 qc
521 152 qc
507 141 qc
507 141 qc
498 139 qc
498 139 qc
487 164 qc
487 164 qc
485 187 qc
485 187 qc
489 196 qc
489 196 qc
480 223 qc
480 223 qc
463 242 qc
463 242 qc
448 236 qc
448 236 qc
442 241 qc
442 241 qc
440 231 qc
440 231 qc
431 232 qc
431 232 qc
429 236 qc
429 236 qc
425 237 qc
425 237 qc
417 246 qc
417 246 qc
391 261 qc
391 261 qc
378 277 qc
378 277 qc
366 330 qc
366 330 qc
386 333 qc
386 333 qc
394 339 qc
394 339 qc
415 338 qc
415 338 qc
429 345 qc
429 345 qc
439 344 qc
439 344 qc
440 346 qc
440 346 qc
436 348 qc
436 348 qc
440 352 qc
440 352 qc
480 361 qc
480 361 qc
517 361 qc
517 361 qc
560 371 qc
560 371 qc
568 363 qc
568 363 qc
572 367 qc
572 367 qc
573 367 qc
573 367 T qq
qf
qf
ef
14 ec
(nc 365 115 611 436 6 rc)kp
555 416 gm
555 416 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
pr
551 419 pl
555 416 pl
557 419 pl
554 433 pl
584 393 pl
598 362 pl
592 367 pl
594 362 pl
597 359 pl
592 357 pl
585 366 pl
577 369 pl
564 406 pl
551 419 pl
4 ep
551 419 gm
bp
555 416 T qi
555 416 qc
557 419 qc
557 419 qc
554 433 qc
554 433 qc
584 393 qc
584 393 qc
598 362 qc
598 362 qc
592 367 qc
592 367 qc
594 362 qc
594 362 qc
597 359 qc
597 359 qc
592 357 qc
592 357 qc
585 366 qc
585 366 qc
577 369 qc
577 369 qc
564 406 qc
564 406 qc
551 419 qc
551 419 T qq
qf
qf
ef
14 ec
(nc 365 115 611 436 6 rc)kp
595 351 gm
595 351 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
pr
603 350 pl
595 351 pl
596 357 pl
603 350 pl
4 ep
603 350 gm
bp
595 351 T qi
595 351 qc
596 357 qc
596 357 qc
603 350 qc
603 350 T qq
qf
qf
ef
14 ec
(nc 365 115 611 436 6 rc)kp
1 128 lw
583 364 gm
583 364 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
573 367 gm
bp
583 364 T qi
583 364 qc
590 357 qc
590 357 qc
571 358 qc
571 358 qc
565 356 qc
565 356 qc
559 351 qc
559 351 qc
574 358 qc
574 358 qc
563 323 qc
563 323 qc
559 311 qc
559 311 qc
543 304 qc
543 304 qc
541 299 qc
541 299 qc
542 296 qc
542 296 qc
535 291 qc
535 291 qc
567 124 qc
567 124 qc
553 122 qc
553 122 qc
539 135 qc
539 135 qc
535 143 qc
535 143 qc
521 152 qc
521 152 qc
507 141 qc
507 141 qc
498 139 qc
498 139 qc
487 164 qc
487 164 qc
485 187 qc
485 187 qc
489 196 qc
489 196 qc
480 223 qc
480 223 qc
463 242 qc
463 242 qc
448 236 qc
448 236 qc
442 241 qc
442 241 qc
440 231 qc
440 231 qc
431 232 qc
431 232 qc
429 236 qc
429 236 qc
425 237 qc
425 237 qc
417 246 qc
417 246 qc
391 261 qc
391 261 qc
378 277 qc
378 277 qc
366 330 qc
366 330 qc
386 333 qc
386 333 qc
394 339 qc
394 339 qc
415 338 qc
415 338 qc
429 345 qc
429 345 qc
439 344 qc
439 344 qc
440 346 qc
440 346 qc
436 348 qc
436 348 qc
440 352 qc
440 352 qc
480 361 qc
480 361 qc
517 361 qc
517 361 qc
560 371 qc
560 371 qc
568 363 qc
568 363 qc
572 367 qc
572 367 qc
573 367 qc
573 367 T qq
ef
0 gr
13 ec
(nc 365 115 611 436 6 rc)kp
1 1 lw
0 0 pen
0 gr
573 367 lin
1 128 lw
555 416 gm
555 416 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
551 419 gm
bp
555 416 T qi
555 416 qc
557 419 qc
557 419 qc
554 433 qc
554 433 qc
584 393 qc
584 393 qc
598 362 qc
598 362 qc
592 367 qc
592 367 qc
594 362 qc
594 362 qc
597 359 qc
597 359 qc
592 357 qc
592 357 qc
585 366 qc
585 366 qc
577 369 qc
577 369 qc
564 406 qc
564 406 qc
551 419 qc
551 419 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 365 115 611 436 6 rc)kp
1 1 lw
0 0 pen
551 419 lin
1 128 lw
595 351 gm
595 351 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
603 350 gm
bp
595 351 T qi
595 351 qc
596 357 qc
596 357 qc
603 350 qc
603 350 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 365 115 611 436 6 rc)kp
1 1 lw
0 0 pen
603 350 lin
517 156 522 162 1 ov
1 1 pen
517.5 156.5 521.5 161.5 0 ov
580 385 585 392 1 ov
580.5 385.5 584.5 391.5 0 ov
589 360 594 366 1 ov
589.5 360.5 593.5 365.5 0 ov
521 234 525 240 1 ov
521.5 234.5 524.5 239.5 0 ov
573 383 578 390 1 ov
573.5 383.5 577.5 389.5 0 ov
508 331 513 338 1 ov
508.5 331.5 512.5 337.5 0 ov
503 344 507 350 1 ov
503.5 344.5 506.5 349.5 0 ov
532 254 536 260 1 ov
532.5 254.5 535.5 259.5 0 ov
440 245 444 251 1 ov
440.5 245.5 443.5 250.5 0 ov
499 193 504 199 1 ov
499.5 193.5 503.5 198.5 0 ov
503 245 507 251 1 ov
503.5 245.5 506.5 250.5 0 ov
575 349 588 363 1 ov
575.5 349.5 587.5 362.5 0 ov
0 0 pen
555 416 gm
555 416 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
64 gr
pr
551 419 pl
555 416 pl
557 419 pl
554 433 pl
584 393 pl
598 362 pl
592 367 pl
594 362 pl
597 359 pl
592 357 pl
585 366 pl
577 369 pl
564 406 pl
551 419 pl
4 ep
551 419 gm
bp
555 416 T qi
555 416 qc
557 419 qc
557 419 qc
554 433 qc
554 433 qc
584 393 qc
584 393 qc
598 362 qc
598 362 qc
592 367 qc
592 367 qc
594 362 qc
594 362 qc
597 359 qc
597 359 qc
592 357 qc
592 357 qc
585 366 qc
585 366 qc
577 369 qc
577 369 qc
564 406 qc
564 406 qc
551 419 qc
551 419 T qq
qf
qf
ef
14 ec
(nc 365 115 611 436 6 rc)kp
595 351 gm
595 351 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
pr
603 350 pl
595 351 pl
596 357 pl
603 350 pl
4 ep
603 350 gm
bp
595 351 T qi
595 351 qc
596 357 qc
596 357 qc
603 350 qc
603 350 T qq
qf
qf
ef
14 ec
(nc 365 115 611 436 6 rc)kp
1 128 lw
555 416 gm
555 416 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
551 419 gm
bp
555 416 T qi
555 416 qc
557 419 qc
557 419 qc
554 433 qc
554 433 qc
584 393 qc
584 393 qc
598 362 qc
598 362 qc
592 367 qc
592 367 qc
594 362 qc
594 362 qc
597 359 qc
597 359 qc
592 357 qc
592 357 qc
585 366 qc
585 366 qc
577 369 qc
577 369 qc
564 406 qc
564 406 qc
551 419 qc
551 419 T qq
ef
0 gr
13 ec
(nc 365 115 611 436 6 rc)kp
1 1 lw
0 0 pen
0 gr
551 419 lin
1 128 lw
595 351 gm
595 351 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
603 350 gm
bp
595 351 T qi
595 351 qc
596 357 qc
596 357 qc
603 350 qc
603 350 T qq
ef
13 ec
(nc 365 115 611 436 6 rc)kp
1 1 lw
0 0 pen
603 350 lin
501 195 gm
501 195 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
519 159 gm
bp
501 195 F qi
501 195 qc
505 248 qc
505 248 qc
505 347 qc
505 347 qc
578 357 qc
578 357 qc
533 257 qc
533 257 qc
523 237 qc
523 237 qc
505 248 qc
505 248 qc
442 248 qc
442 248 F qq
ef
9 ec
(nc 365 115 611 436 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
580 357 gm
580 357 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
575 386 gm
bp
580 357 F qi
580 357 qc
582 388 qc
582 388 F qq
ef
9 ec
(nc 365 115 611 436 6 rc)kp
582 356 gm
593 363 lin
510 334 gm
505 347 lin
524 117 gm
(nc 515 116 527 149 6 rc)kp
1 setTxMode
10 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Helvetica fnt
bn
(Buffalo)show
493 166 gm
(nc 484 165 496 212 6 rc)kp
(Rochester)show
443 258 gm
(nc 434 257 446 298 6 rc)kp
-0.06336 0.(Clarkson)ashow
497 256 gm
(nc 488 255 500 298 6 rc)kp
(Syracuse)show
521 297 gm
(nc 512 296 524 328 6 rc)kp
(Albany)show
495 335 gm
(nc 486 334 498 352 6 rc)kp
-0.33380 0.(RPI)ashow
568 376 gm
(nc 559 375 571 431 6 rc)kp
(Stony Brook)show
607 354 gm
(nc 598 353 610 374 6 rc)kp
(Poly)show
590 318 gm
(nc 581 317 593 349 6 rc)kp
-0.44247 0.(CUNY)ashow
581 299 gm
(nc 572 298 584 349 6 rc)kp
(Rockefeller)show
569 321 gm
(nc 560 320 572 364 6 rc)kp
-0.03166 0.(Columbia)ashow
599 326 gm
(nc 590 325 602 348 6 rc)kp
-0.55415 0.(NYU)ashow
548 222 gm
(nc 539 221 551 283 6 rc)kp
(Binghampton)show
525 201 gm
(nc 516 200 528 233 6 rc)kp
(Cornell)show
601 381 gm
(nc 592 380 604 435 6 rc)kp
(Brookhaven)show
0 0 pen
501 195 gm
(nc 365 115 611 436 6 rc)kp
0 gr
501 195 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
519 159 gm
bp
501 195 F qi
501 195 qc
505 248 qc
505 248 qc
505 347 qc
505 347 qc
578 357 qc
578 357 qc
533 257 qc
533 257 qc
523 237 qc
523 237 qc
505 248 qc
505 248 qc
442 248 qc
442 248 F qq
ef
9 ec
(nc 365 115 611 436 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
501 195 gm
501 195 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
519 159 gm
bp
501 195 F qi
501 195 qc
505 248 qc
505 248 qc
505 347 qc
505 347 qc
578 357 qc
578 357 qc
533 257 qc
533 257 qc
523 237 qc
523 237 qc
505 248 qc
505 248 qc
442 248 qc
442 248 F qq
ef
9 ec
(nc 365 115 611 436 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
501 195 gm
501 195 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
519 159 gm
bp
501 195 F qi
501 195 qc
505 248 qc
505 248 qc
505 347 qc
505 347 qc
578 357 qc
578 357 qc
533 257 qc
533 257 qc
523 237 qc
523 237 qc
505 248 qc
505 248 qc
442 248 qc
442 248 F qq
ef
9 ec
(nc 365 115 611 436 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
501 195 gm
501 195 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
1 1 pen
519 159 gm
bp
501 195 F qi
501 195 qc
505 248 qc
505 248 qc
505 347 qc
505 347 qc
578 357 qc
578 357 qc
533 257 qc
533 257 qc
523 237 qc
523 237 qc
505 248 qc
505 248 qc
442 248 qc
442 248 F qq
ef
9 ec
(nc 365 115 611 436 6 rc)kp
644 205 gm
(nc 0 0 730 552 6 rc)kp
1 setTxMode
12 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(Figure 4.  NYSERNet \(1987\))show
687 42 gm
2 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt
bn
0.06362 0. 32 0.00636 0.(Future of Mid-Level Networks)awidthshow
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
( )show
687 438 gm
2 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt
bn
-0.27603 0.(Page  5)ashow
F T cp
%%Page: ? 9
op
0 0 730 552 fr
0 0 xl
1 1 pen
50 42 gm
(nc 0 0 730 552 6 rc)kp
1 setTxMode
0 fs
12 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
-0.07040 0.(closely with the Cornell Center and JVNC, would be completely responsible for networking,)ashow
63 42 gm
-0.04519 0.(including funding, industry relations, network equipment and network monitoring. )ashow
0 -2 rm
8.31994 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Helvetica fnt
bn
(5)show
0 2 rm
10.39993 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Helvetica fnt
bn
( )show
12 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
( )show
87 42 gm
-0.07536 0.(The NYSERNet and SURANet examples caused a major paradigm shift at NSF.  Instead of)ashow
99 42 gm
-0.07626 0.(funding institutional connections to supercomputer centers,  the NSF shifted to funding)ashow
111 42 gm
-0.04168 0.(connections of "cohesive" regional  networks. From  mid 1986 , when the SURA and NYSERNet)ashow
123 42 gm
-0.07499 0.(proposals were initially funded, to mid 1987 more than a dozen regional networks such as)ashow
135 42 gm
-0.06021 0.(BARRNet  \(San Francisco Bay Area Regional Research Network\), MIDNet, PSCNet \(Pittsburgh)ashow
147 42 gm
-0.05245 0.(Supercomputer Net\), SESQUINet \(Texas based\), Westnet etc. came into being.)ashow
171 42 gm
-0.10623 0.(In order to enable researchers connected to one center to have access to the other centers as well, in)ashow
183 42 gm
-0.07479 0.(1986, the NSF  also funded the creation of a national "backbone" network connecting the super-)ashow
195 42 gm
-0.10620 0.(computer centers and the regional networks connected to them  to one another. )ashow
219 43 gm
-0.04260 0.(The array of networks, both LANS and WANS, which were used to provide supercomputer)ashow
231 43 gm
-0.05538 0.(access were  grouped by the NSF into three tiers or levels.)ashow
255 79 gm
4 fs
48.92208 ul
-0.03523 0.(Level 1  - )ashow
0 fs
-0.04026 0.(A national 'backbone' network whose purpose was to connect the)ashow
267 79 gm
-0.08833 0.(supercomputer centers and the varied regional  wide area networks. )ashow
291 79 gm
4 fs
41.61517 ul
-0.07791 0.(Level 2  )ashow
0 fs
-0.08435 0.(- Regional and supercomputer-consortia networks, usually organized)ashow
303 79 gm
-0.03961 0.(around geography such as )ashow
315 114 gm
-0.20133 0.(Metropolitan Areas )ashow
315 258 gm
0.48263 0. 32 0.04826 0.(\(e.g. BARRNet\), )awidthshow
327 114 gm
-0.13162 0.(States)ashow
327 186 gm
(       )show
327 258 gm
0.43060 0. 32 0.04306 0.(\(e.g. NYSERNet\))awidthshow
339 114 gm
-0.16149 0.(Larger )ashow
339 150 gm
-0.07649 0.(Geographic Regions)ashow
339 258 gm
0.40100 0. 32 0.04010 0.( \(e.g. SURANet\))awidthshow
363 79 gm
4 fs
41.92253 ul
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0.02990 0. 32 0.00299 0.(The networks in the second tier, primarily regional )awidthshow
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0.22766 0. 32 0.02276 0.(NYSERNet  came into being as follows:  In March of 1985, following the success of Cornell's  Super)awidthshow
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0.10284 0. 32 0.01028 0.(Computing Facility \(CNSF\) proposal and the JvNC proposal which the University of Rochester  had participated in, )awidthshow
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184 77 gm
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(NCAR)show
424 298 gm
(nc 413 297 427 346 6 rc)kp
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331 420 gm
(nc 320 419 334 465 6 rc)kp
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-0.00849 0.(Figure 5. The First NSFNET Backbone)ashow
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10 fz
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0.03875 0. 32 0.00387 0.(The original NSFNET backbone consisted of 56kb lines connecting the NSF super computer centers to one)awidthshow
606 60 gm
-0.04472 0.(another. The network topology was determined in a phone-call between Bill Schrader, then Executive)ashow
618 60 gm
-0.02090 0.(Director at the Cornell Supercomputer Center and his local AT&T marketing representative.)ashow
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2 fs
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0.06362 0. 32 0.00636 0.(Future of Mid-Level Networks)awidthshow
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-0.27603 0.(Page  7)ashow
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74 78 gm
-0.05886 0.(of reliability and responsiveness.)ashow
98 78 gm
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110 78 gm
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134 78 gm
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158 78 gm
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170 78 gm
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182 78 gm
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194 78 gm
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206 78 gm
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242 78 gm
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254 78 gm
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266 78 gm
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278 78 gm
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290 78 gm
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302 78 gm
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314 78 gm
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326 78 gm
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363 41 gm
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(such issues as: )show
447 41 gm
( )show
459 78 gm
(1. routers to be used)show
471 78 gm
-0.08325 0.(2. network architecture to be chosen)ashow
483 78 gm
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495 78 gm
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519 42 gm
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531 42 gm
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543 42 gm
-0.02503 0.(as possible.  This phase of network history, which may be called the "Nuts & Bolts" phase, was)ashow
555 42 gm
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579 42 gm
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86 42 gm
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134 42 gm
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146 42 gm
-0.08529 0.(networks urgently needed the ability to monitor network operations and  troubleshoot the network,)ashow
158 42 gm
-0.09318 0.(but in 1987 no TCP/IP network monitoring software existed. Furthermore the totally decentralized)ashow
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-0.10278 0.(the network residing in the hands of more than a dozen different computer center staffs!  The)ashow
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-0.12376 0.(This situation led to the establishment of centralized Network Operations Centers to solve the)ashow
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0.21286 0. 32 0.02128 0.(The " fuzzball" was the name given to the routers used in the original, 56 kb, NSFNET backbone. A)awidthshow
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0.27465 0. 32 0.02746 0.(During most of the time that the first NSFNET backbone was in  operation, systems level changes)awidthshow
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0.05432 0. 32 0.00543 0.(were made to its "Fuzzball" routers on an almost weekly basis.)awidthshow
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0.04821 0. 32 0.00482 0.(NYSERNet in late 1986 had commissioned a Market and Economic Impact Study on the market)awidthshow
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158 41 gm
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170 41 gm
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182 41 gm
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194 41 gm
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230 77 gm
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242 77 gm
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254 77 gm
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290 42 gm
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458 54 pl
455 54 pl
455 56 pl
455 55 pl
455 53 pl
454 51 pl
455 50 pl
451 47 pl
451 49 pl
439 44 pl
436 44 pl
428 45 pl
427 44 pl
423 44 pl
412 50 pl
405 50 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
405 50 gm
bp
414 84 T qi
414 84 qc
449 76 qc
449 76 qc
501 113 qc
501 113 qc
510 113 qc
510 113 qc
511 116 qc
511 116 qc
518 112 qc
518 112 qc
522 110 qc
522 110 qc
527 110 qc
527 110 qc
528 106 qc
528 106 qc
524 85 qc
524 85 qc
521 84 qc
521 84 qc
517 85 qc
517 85 qc
511 80 qc
511 80 qc
511 78 qc
511 78 qc
508 78 qc
508 78 qc
507 77 qc
507 77 qc
504 70 qc
504 70 qc
499 67 qc
499 67 qc
495 59 qc
495 59 qc
492 59 qc
492 59 qc
488 59 qc
488 59 qc
471 51 qc
471 51 qc
471 54 qc
471 54 qc
467 54 qc
467 54 qc
465 50 qc
465 50 qc
457 50 qc
457 50 qc
458 51 qc
458 51 qc
461 53 qc
461 53 qc
458 54 qc
458 54 qc
455 54 qc
455 54 qc
455 56 qc
455 56 qc
455 55 qc
455 55 qc
455 53 qc
455 53 qc
454 51 qc
454 51 qc
455 50 qc
455 50 qc
451 47 qc
451 47 qc
451 49 qc
451 49 qc
439 44 qc
439 44 qc
436 44 qc
436 44 qc
428 45 qc
428 45 qc
427 44 qc
427 44 qc
423 44 qc
423 44 qc
412 50 qc
412 50 qc
405 50 qc
405 50 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
428 133 gm
0 gr
428 133 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
414 84 pl
428 133 pl
493 120 pl
492 117 pl
493 116 pl
501 116 pl
501 112 pl
449 76 pl
414 84 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
414 84 gm
bp
428 133 T qi
428 133 qc
493 120 qc
493 120 qc
492 117 qc
492 117 qc
493 116 qc
493 116 qc
501 116 qc
501 116 qc
501 112 qc
501 112 qc
449 76 qc
449 76 qc
414 84 qc
414 84 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
433 157 gm
0 gr
433 157 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
428 133 pl
433 157 pl
438 157 pl
443 156 pl
445 174 pl
489 168 pl
482 123 pl
428 133 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
428 133 gm
bp
433 157 T qi
433 157 qc
438 157 qc
438 157 qc
443 156 qc
443 156 qc
445 174 qc
445 174 qc
489 168 qc
489 168 qc
482 123 qc
482 123 qc
428 133 qc
428 133 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
489 167 gm
0 gr
489 167 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
482 123 pl
489 167 pl
552 158 pl
552 157 pl
550 139 pl
531 107 pl
528 108 pl
528 110 pl
527 110 pl
524 110 pl
522 110 pl
522 110 pl
521 110 pl
518 112 pl
515 113 pl
513 116 pl
511 116 pl
510 114 pl
505 114 pl
501 112 pl
501 116 pl
493 116 pl
491 116 pl
492 119 pl
493 120 pl
488 121 pl
484 121 pl
484 123 pl
482 123 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
482 123 gm
bp
489 167 T qi
489 167 qc
552 158 qc
552 158 qc
552 157 qc
552 157 qc
550 139 qc
550 139 qc
531 107 qc
531 107 qc
528 108 qc
528 108 qc
528 110 qc
528 110 qc
527 110 qc
527 110 qc
524 110 qc
524 110 qc
522 110 qc
522 110 qc
522 110 qc
522 110 qc
521 110 qc
521 110 qc
518 112 qc
518 112 qc
515 113 qc
515 113 qc
513 116 qc
513 116 qc
511 116 qc
511 116 qc
510 114 qc
510 114 qc
505 114 qc
505 114 qc
501 112 qc
501 112 qc
501 116 qc
501 116 qc
493 116 qc
493 116 qc
491 116 qc
491 116 qc
492 119 qc
492 119 qc
493 120 qc
493 120 qc
488 121 qc
488 121 qc
484 121 qc
484 121 qc
484 123 qc
484 123 qc
482 123 qc
482 123 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
489 168 gm
0 gr
489 168 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
489 167 pl
489 168 pl
495 222 pl
502 221 pl
502 221 pl
502 218 pl
550 218 pl
550 215 pl
549 185 pl
550 184 pl
550 181 pl
550 168 pl
553 167 pl
553 163 pl
552 158 pl
489 167 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
489 167 gm
bp
489 168 T qi
489 168 qc
495 222 qc
495 222 qc
502 221 qc
502 221 qc
502 221 qc
502 221 qc
502 218 qc
502 218 qc
550 218 qc
550 218 qc
550 215 qc
550 215 qc
549 185 qc
549 185 qc
550 184 qc
550 184 qc
550 181 qc
550 181 qc
550 168 qc
550 168 qc
553 167 qc
553 167 qc
553 163 qc
553 163 qc
552 158 qc
552 158 qc
489 167 qc
489 167 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
354 168 gm
0 gr
354 168 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
346 135 pl
354 168 pl
358 187 pl
361 213 pl
361 214 pl
362 222 pl
363 222 pl
406 219 pl
400 163 pl
400 163 pl
403 162 pl
401 161 pl
401 156 pl
400 152 pl
399 149 pl
399 146 pl
398 146 pl
394 146 pl
393 145 pl
387 143 pl
387 143 pl
387 139 pl
384 139 pl
380 141 pl
378 141 pl
375 139 pl
372 139 pl
370 139 pl
367 135 pl
361 134 pl
359 133 pl
346 135 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
346 135 gm
bp
354 168 T qi
354 168 qc
358 187 qc
358 187 qc
361 213 qc
361 213 qc
361 214 qc
361 214 qc
362 222 qc
362 222 qc
363 222 qc
363 222 qc
406 219 qc
406 219 qc
400 163 qc
400 163 qc
400 163 qc
400 163 qc
403 162 qc
403 162 qc
401 161 qc
401 161 qc
401 156 qc
401 156 qc
400 152 qc
400 152 qc
399 149 qc
399 149 qc
399 146 qc
399 146 qc
398 146 qc
398 146 qc
394 146 qc
394 146 qc
393 145 qc
393 145 qc
387 143 qc
387 143 qc
387 143 qc
387 143 qc
387 139 qc
387 139 qc
384 139 qc
384 139 qc
380 141 qc
380 141 qc
378 141 qc
378 141 qc
375 139 qc
375 139 qc
372 139 qc
372 139 qc
370 139 qc
370 139 qc
367 135 qc
367 135 qc
361 134 qc
361 134 qc
359 133 qc
359 133 qc
346 135 qc
346 135 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
345 135 gm
0 gr
345 135 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
345 129 pl
345 135 pl
359 133 pl
362 135 pl
367 135 pl
370 139 pl
375 139 pl
378 141 pl
380 141 pl
384 140 pl
387 140 pl
387 143 pl
393 146 pl
399 146 pl
399 149 pl
401 155 pl
401 158 pl
400 161 pl
404 162 pl
433 158 pl
428 133 pl
421 107 pl
403 112 pl
398 116 pl
398 116 pl
394 113 pl
393 114 pl
388 117 pl
384 120 pl
382 123 pl
378 121 pl
369 121 pl
345 129 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
345 129 gm
bp
345 135 T qi
345 135 qc
359 133 qc
359 133 qc
362 135 qc
362 135 qc
367 135 qc
367 135 qc
370 139 qc
370 139 qc
375 139 qc
375 139 qc
378 141 qc
378 141 qc
380 141 qc
380 141 qc
384 140 qc
384 140 qc
387 140 qc
387 140 qc
387 143 qc
387 143 qc
393 146 qc
393 146 qc
399 146 qc
399 146 qc
399 149 qc
399 149 qc
401 155 qc
401 155 qc
401 158 qc
401 158 qc
400 161 qc
400 161 qc
404 162 qc
404 162 qc
433 158 qc
433 158 qc
428 133 qc
428 133 qc
421 107 qc
421 107 qc
403 112 qc
403 112 qc
398 116 qc
398 116 qc
398 116 qc
398 116 qc
394 113 qc
394 113 qc
393 114 qc
393 114 qc
388 117 qc
388 117 qc
384 120 qc
384 120 qc
382 123 qc
382 123 qc
378 121 qc
378 121 qc
369 121 qc
369 121 qc
345 129 qc
345 129 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
400 164 gm
0 gr
400 164 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
400 163 pl
400 164 pl
406 219 pl
409 219 pl
450 214 pl
450 213 pl
443 156 pl
400 163 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
400 163 gm
bp
400 164 T qi
400 164 qc
406 219 qc
406 219 qc
409 219 qc
409 219 qc
450 214 qc
450 214 qc
450 213 qc
450 213 qc
443 156 qc
443 156 qc
400 163 qc
400 163 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
428 221 gm
0 gr
428 221 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
428 217 pl
428 221 pl
432 259 pl
434 266 pl
433 270 pl
434 272 pl
435 277 pl
435 277 pl
438 280 pl
439 282 pl
441 282 pl
447 284 pl
450 284 pl
455 286 pl
460 287 pl
461 290 pl
467 291 pl
465 263 pl
465 231 pl
457 231 pl
452 231 pl
451 225 pl
450 214 pl
444 215 pl
428 217 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
428 217 gm
bp
428 221 T qi
428 221 qc
432 259 qc
432 259 qc
434 266 qc
434 266 qc
433 270 qc
433 270 qc
434 272 qc
434 272 qc
435 277 qc
435 277 qc
435 277 qc
435 277 qc
438 280 qc
438 280 qc
439 282 qc
439 282 qc
441 282 qc
441 282 qc
447 284 qc
447 284 qc
450 284 qc
450 284 qc
455 286 qc
455 286 qc
460 287 qc
460 287 qc
461 290 qc
461 290 qc
467 291 qc
467 291 qc
465 263 qc
465 263 qc
465 231 qc
465 231 qc
457 231 qc
457 231 qc
452 231 qc
452 231 qc
451 225 qc
451 225 qc
450 214 qc
450 214 qc
444 215 qc
444 215 qc
428 217 qc
428 217 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
451 215 gm
0 gr
451 215 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
447 174 pl
447 174 pl
451 215 pl
451 220 pl
452 231 pl
455 231 pl
495 230 pl
495 225 pl
489 168 pl
489 168 pl
447 174 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
447 174 gm
bp
447 174 T qi
447 174 qc
451 215 qc
451 215 qc
451 220 qc
451 220 qc
452 231 qc
452 231 qc
455 231 qc
455 231 qc
495 230 qc
495 230 qc
495 225 qc
495 225 qc
489 168 qc
489 168 qc
489 168 qc
489 168 qc
447 174 qc
447 174 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
502 221 gm
0 gr
502 221 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
502 218 pl
502 221 pl
504 249 pl
512 249 pl
524 249 pl
527 255 pl
528 262 pl
529 265 pl
531 266 pl
530 269 pl
531 275 pl
533 283 pl
533 281 pl
533 282 pl
533 284 pl
531 286 pl
530 287 pl
531 291 pl
531 295 pl
534 299 pl
535 303 pl
539 303 pl
540 304 pl
552 304 pl
553 305 pl
557 308 pl
558 309 pl
562 309 pl
564 310 pl
568 308 pl
573 309 pl
578 305 pl
579 305 pl
582 299 pl
581 299 pl
581 297 pl
579 297 pl
579 296 pl
580 296 pl
581 293 pl
585 296 pl
588 291 pl
589 287 pl
594 283 pl
591 283 pl
591 282 pl
589 282 pl
591 280 pl
591 280 pl
593 280 pl
593 278 pl
593 277 pl
595 277 pl
597 276 pl
597 275 pl
597 275 pl
600 275 pl
600 272 pl
601 272 pl
607 272 pl
607 271 pl
609 272 pl
613 271 pl
622 274 pl
617 259 pl
614 255 pl
611 253 pl
607 252 pl
603 252 pl
602 252 pl
601 248 pl
598 248 pl
589 242 pl
585 238 pl
579 235 pl
579 233 pl
577 230 pl
578 225 pl
577 222 pl
578 221 pl
579 220 pl
581 220 pl
586 214 pl
574 202 pl
573 202 pl
569 202 pl
569 200 pl
568 200 pl
566 200 pl
565 198 pl
564 195 pl
560 192 pl
559 191 pl
558 191 pl
556 187 pl
550 184 pl
549 184 pl
549 190 pl
550 218 pl
547 218 pl
502 218 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
502 218 gm
bp
502 221 T qi
502 221 qc
504 249 qc
504 249 qc
512 249 qc
512 249 qc
524 249 qc
524 249 qc
527 255 qc
527 255 qc
528 262 qc
528 262 qc
529 265 qc
529 265 qc
531 266 qc
531 266 qc
530 269 qc
530 269 qc
531 275 qc
531 275 qc
533 283 qc
533 283 qc
533 281 qc
533 281 qc
533 282 qc
533 282 qc
533 284 qc
533 284 qc
531 286 qc
531 286 qc
530 287 qc
530 287 qc
531 291 qc
531 291 qc
531 295 qc
531 295 qc
534 299 qc
534 299 qc
535 303 qc
535 303 qc
539 303 qc
539 303 qc
540 304 qc
540 304 qc
552 304 qc
552 304 qc
553 305 qc
553 305 qc
557 308 qc
557 308 qc
558 309 qc
558 309 qc
562 309 qc
562 309 qc
564 310 qc
564 310 qc
568 308 qc
568 308 qc
573 309 qc
573 309 qc
578 305 qc
578 305 qc
579 305 qc
579 305 qc
582 299 qc
582 299 qc
581 299 qc
581 299 qc
581 297 qc
581 297 qc
579 297 qc
579 297 qc
579 296 qc
579 296 qc
580 296 qc
580 296 qc
581 293 qc
581 293 qc
585 296 qc
585 296 qc
588 291 qc
588 291 qc
589 287 qc
589 287 qc
594 283 qc
594 283 qc
591 283 qc
591 283 qc
591 282 qc
591 282 qc
589 282 qc
589 282 qc
591 280 qc
591 280 qc
591 280 qc
591 280 qc
593 280 qc
593 280 qc
593 278 qc
593 278 qc
593 277 qc
593 277 qc
595 277 qc
595 277 qc
597 276 qc
597 276 qc
597 275 qc
597 275 qc
597 275 qc
597 275 qc
600 275 qc
600 275 qc
600 272 qc
600 272 qc
601 272 qc
601 272 qc
607 272 qc
607 272 qc
607 271 qc
607 271 qc
609 272 qc
609 272 qc
613 271 qc
613 271 qc
622 274 qc
622 274 qc
617 259 qc
617 259 qc
614 255 qc
614 255 qc
611 253 qc
611 253 qc
607 252 qc
607 252 qc
603 252 qc
603 252 qc
602 252 qc
602 252 qc
601 248 qc
601 248 qc
598 248 qc
598 248 qc
589 242 qc
589 242 qc
585 238 qc
585 238 qc
579 235 qc
579 235 qc
579 233 qc
579 233 qc
577 230 qc
577 230 qc
578 225 qc
578 225 qc
577 222 qc
577 222 qc
578 221 qc
578 221 qc
579 220 qc
579 220 qc
581 220 qc
581 220 qc
586 214 qc
586 214 qc
574 202 qc
574 202 qc
573 202 qc
573 202 qc
569 202 qc
569 202 qc
569 200 qc
569 200 qc
568 200 qc
568 200 qc
566 200 qc
566 200 qc
565 198 qc
565 198 qc
564 195 qc
564 195 qc
560 192 qc
560 192 qc
559 191 qc
559 191 qc
558 191 qc
558 191 qc
556 187 qc
556 187 qc
550 184 qc
550 184 qc
549 184 qc
549 184 qc
549 190 qc
549 190 qc
550 218 qc
550 218 qc
547 218 qc
547 218 qc
502 218 qc
502 218 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
495 225 gm
0 gr
495 225 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
495 221 pl
495 225 pl
498 272 pl
498 289 pl
498 297 pl
502 297 pl
513 299 pl
522 299 pl
533 299 pl
533 296 pl
531 293 pl
531 293 pl
530 289 pl
531 284 pl
533 283 pl
533 277 pl
530 269 pl
531 266 pl
529 265 pl
528 259 pl
527 253 pl
524 249 pl
514 249 pl
502 249 pl
502 246 pl
502 221 pl
501 221 pl
499 221 pl
495 221 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
495 221 gm
bp
495 225 T qi
495 225 qc
498 272 qc
498 272 qc
498 289 qc
498 289 qc
498 297 qc
498 297 qc
502 297 qc
502 297 qc
513 299 qc
513 299 qc
522 299 qc
522 299 qc
533 299 qc
533 299 qc
533 296 qc
533 296 qc
531 293 qc
531 293 qc
531 293 qc
531 293 qc
530 289 qc
530 289 qc
531 284 qc
531 284 qc
533 283 qc
533 283 qc
533 277 qc
533 277 qc
530 269 qc
530 269 qc
531 266 qc
531 266 qc
529 265 qc
529 265 qc
528 259 qc
528 259 qc
527 253 qc
527 253 qc
524 249 qc
524 249 qc
514 249 qc
514 249 qc
502 249 qc
502 249 qc
502 246 qc
502 246 qc
502 221 qc
502 221 qc
501 221 qc
501 221 qc
499 221 qc
499 221 qc
495 221 qc
495 221 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
540 331 gm
0 gr
540 331 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
540 328 pl
540 331 pl
549 333 pl
552 331 pl
556 328 pl
557 331 pl
558 328 pl
559 328 pl
562 328 pl
562 346 pl
564 346 pl
566 344 pl
568 346 pl
571 347 pl
571 341 pl
571 340 pl
573 340 pl
573 341 pl
572 348 pl
573 347 pl
574 347 pl
572 350 pl
572 350 pl
578 348 pl
582 354 pl
584 353 pl
579 344 pl
582 344 pl
582 343 pl
582 341 pl
582 338 pl
582 338 pl
584 338 pl
581 331 pl
579 333 pl
578 333 pl
578 330 pl
575 328 pl
574 327 pl
578 321 pl
578 319 pl
578 317 pl
575 311 pl
575 308 pl
572 309 pl
568 308 pl
564 310 pl
557 308 pl
555 305 pl
552 304 pl
540 304 pl
540 315 pl
540 322 pl
540 326 pl
540 328 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
540 328 gm
bp
540 331 T qi
540 331 qc
549 333 qc
549 333 qc
552 331 qc
552 331 qc
556 328 qc
556 328 qc
557 331 qc
557 331 qc
558 328 qc
558 328 qc
559 328 qc
559 328 qc
562 328 qc
562 328 qc
562 346 qc
562 346 qc
564 346 qc
564 346 qc
566 344 qc
566 344 qc
568 346 qc
568 346 qc
571 347 qc
571 347 qc
571 341 qc
571 341 qc
571 340 qc
571 340 qc
573 340 qc
573 340 qc
573 341 qc
573 341 qc
572 348 qc
572 348 qc
573 347 qc
573 347 qc
574 347 qc
574 347 qc
572 350 qc
572 350 qc
572 350 qc
572 350 qc
578 348 qc
578 348 qc
582 354 qc
582 354 qc
584 353 qc
584 353 qc
579 344 qc
579 344 qc
582 344 qc
582 344 qc
582 343 qc
582 343 qc
582 341 qc
582 341 qc
582 338 qc
582 338 qc
582 338 qc
582 338 qc
584 338 qc
584 338 qc
581 331 qc
581 331 qc
579 333 qc
579 333 qc
578 333 qc
578 333 qc
578 330 qc
578 330 qc
575 328 qc
575 328 qc
574 327 qc
574 327 qc
578 321 qc
578 321 qc
578 319 qc
578 319 qc
578 317 qc
578 317 qc
575 311 qc
575 311 qc
575 308 qc
575 308 qc
572 309 qc
572 309 qc
568 308 qc
568 308 qc
564 310 qc
564 310 qc
557 308 qc
557 308 qc
555 305 qc
555 305 qc
552 304 qc
552 304 qc
540 304 qc
540 304 qc
540 315 qc
540 315 qc
540 322 qc
540 322 qc
540 326 qc
540 326 qc
540 328 qc
540 328 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
465 263 gm
0 gr
465 263 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
465 231 pl
465 263 pl
467 291 pl
468 293 pl
471 293 pl
474 296 pl
476 296 pl
484 297 pl
498 297 pl
498 270 pl
495 230 pl
482 231 pl
465 231 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
465 231 gm
bp
465 263 T qi
465 263 qc
467 291 qc
467 291 qc
468 293 qc
468 293 qc
471 293 qc
471 293 qc
474 296 qc
474 296 qc
476 296 qc
476 296 qc
484 297 qc
484 297 qc
498 297 qc
498 297 qc
498 270 qc
498 270 qc
495 230 qc
495 230 qc
482 231 qc
482 231 qc
465 231 qc
465 231 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
362 291 gm
0 gr
362 291 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
362 287 pl
362 291 pl
365 291 pl
367 293 pl
367 295 pl
367 296 pl
369 297 pl
369 299 pl
369 304 pl
369 308 pl
370 311 pl
370 313 pl
370 317 pl
372 319 pl
372 321 pl
374 331 pl
378 322 pl
381 321 pl
383 317 pl
391 311 pl
397 311 pl
400 308 pl
403 308 pl
404 309 pl
412 309 pl
420 319 pl
423 321 pl
423 316 pl
425 280 pl
418 280 pl
407 278 pl
404 277 pl
400 276 pl
398 277 pl
396 277 pl
380 275 pl
376 275 pl
369 272 pl
365 272 pl
365 287 pl
365 287 pl
362 287 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
362 287 gm
bp
362 291 T qi
362 291 qc
365 291 qc
365 291 qc
367 293 qc
367 293 qc
367 295 qc
367 295 qc
367 296 qc
367 296 qc
369 297 qc
369 297 qc
369 299 qc
369 299 qc
369 304 qc
369 304 qc
369 308 qc
369 308 qc
370 311 qc
370 311 qc
370 313 qc
370 313 qc
370 317 qc
370 317 qc
372 319 qc
372 319 qc
372 321 qc
372 321 qc
374 331 qc
374 331 qc
378 322 qc
378 322 qc
381 321 qc
381 321 qc
383 317 qc
383 317 qc
391 311 qc
391 311 qc
397 311 qc
397 311 qc
400 308 qc
400 308 qc
403 308 qc
403 308 qc
404 309 qc
404 309 qc
412 309 qc
412 309 qc
420 319 qc
420 319 qc
423 321 qc
423 321 qc
423 316 qc
423 316 qc
425 280 qc
425 280 qc
418 280 qc
418 280 qc
407 278 qc
407 278 qc
404 277 qc
404 277 qc
400 276 qc
400 276 qc
398 277 qc
398 277 qc
396 277 qc
396 277 qc
380 275 qc
380 275 qc
376 275 qc
376 275 qc
369 272 qc
369 272 qc
365 272 qc
365 272 qc
365 287 qc
365 287 qc
365 287 qc
365 287 qc
362 287 qc
362 287 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
362 225 gm
0 gr
362 225 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
362 222 pl
362 225 pl
365 253 pl
365 274 pl
369 274 pl
371 274 pl
378 275 pl
382 275 pl
398 277 pl
400 276 pl
400 274 pl
396 220 pl
378 221 pl
362 222 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
362 222 gm
bp
362 225 T qi
362 225 qc
365 253 qc
365 253 qc
365 274 qc
365 274 qc
369 274 qc
369 274 qc
371 274 qc
371 274 qc
378 275 qc
378 275 qc
382 275 qc
382 275 qc
398 277 qc
398 277 qc
400 276 qc
400 276 qc
400 274 qc
400 274 qc
396 220 qc
396 220 qc
378 221 qc
378 221 qc
362 222 qc
362 222 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
396 227 gm
0 gr
396 227 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
396 220 pl
396 227 pl
400 275 pl
405 277 pl
407 278 pl
416 280 pl
426 280 pl
432 278 pl
435 280 pl
438 282 pl
439 281 pl
435 277 pl
435 275 pl
435 277 pl
433 270 pl
434 266 pl
432 260 pl
432 259 pl
428 218 pl
421 218 pl
396 220 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
396 220 gm
bp
396 227 T qi
396 227 qc
400 275 qc
400 275 qc
405 277 qc
405 277 qc
407 278 qc
407 278 qc
416 280 qc
416 280 qc
426 280 qc
426 280 qc
432 278 qc
432 278 qc
435 280 qc
435 280 qc
438 282 qc
438 282 qc
439 281 qc
439 281 qc
435 277 qc
435 277 qc
435 275 qc
435 275 qc
435 277 qc
435 277 qc
433 270 qc
433 270 qc
434 266 qc
434 266 qc
432 260 qc
432 260 qc
432 259 qc
432 259 qc
428 218 qc
428 218 qc
421 218 qc
421 218 qc
396 220 qc
396 220 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
457 319 gm
0 gr
457 319 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
457 303 pl
457 319 pl
460 321 pl
460 322 pl
461 322 pl
467 325 pl
470 330 pl
472 331 pl
473 331 pl
474 335 pl
476 335 pl
479 334 pl
484 338 pl
485 341 pl
488 343 pl
491 343 pl
493 343 pl
495 346 pl
498 346 pl
499 343 pl
501 343 pl
505 341 pl
502 337 pl
501 338 pl
501 297 pl
489 297 pl
474 296 pl
470 293 pl
468 293 pl
467 291 pl
461 287 pl
458 287 pl
458 287 pl
457 303 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
457 303 gm
bp
457 319 T qi
457 319 qc
460 321 qc
460 321 qc
460 322 qc
460 322 qc
461 322 qc
461 322 qc
467 325 qc
467 325 qc
470 330 qc
470 330 qc
472 331 qc
472 331 qc
473 331 qc
473 331 qc
474 335 qc
474 335 qc
476 335 qc
476 335 qc
479 334 qc
479 334 qc
484 338 qc
484 338 qc
485 341 qc
485 341 qc
488 343 qc
488 343 qc
491 343 qc
491 343 qc
493 343 qc
493 343 qc
495 346 qc
495 346 qc
498 346 qc
498 346 qc
499 343 qc
499 343 qc
501 343 qc
501 343 qc
505 341 qc
505 341 qc
502 337 qc
502 337 qc
501 338 qc
501 338 qc
501 297 qc
501 297 qc
489 297 qc
489 297 qc
474 296 qc
474 296 qc
470 293 qc
470 293 qc
468 293 qc
468 293 qc
467 291 qc
467 291 qc
461 287 qc
461 287 qc
458 287 qc
458 287 qc
458 287 qc
458 287 qc
457 303 qc
457 303 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
501 338 gm
0 gr
501 338 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
501 332 pl
501 338 pl
501 338 pl
502 338 pl
505 341 pl
512 341 pl
513 338 pl
514 338 pl
515 337 pl
518 337 pl
518 337 pl
524 334 pl
528 333 pl
530 333 pl
530 331 pl
540 331 pl
540 317 pl
540 304 pl
534 304 pl
534 302 pl
534 300 pl
534 299 pl
533 299 pl
517 299 pl
501 297 pl
501 304 pl
501 332 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
501 332 gm
bp
501 338 T qi
501 338 qc
501 338 qc
501 338 qc
502 338 qc
502 338 qc
505 341 qc
505 341 qc
512 341 qc
512 341 qc
513 338 qc
513 338 qc
514 338 qc
514 338 qc
515 337 qc
515 337 qc
518 337 qc
518 337 qc
518 337 qc
518 337 qc
524 334 qc
524 334 qc
528 333 qc
528 333 qc
530 333 qc
530 333 qc
530 331 qc
530 331 qc
540 331 qc
540 331 qc
540 317 qc
540 317 qc
540 304 qc
540 304 qc
534 304 qc
534 304 qc
534 302 qc
534 302 qc
534 300 qc
534 300 qc
534 299 qc
534 299 qc
533 299 qc
533 299 qc
517 299 qc
517 299 qc
501 297 qc
501 297 qc
501 304 qc
501 304 qc
501 332 qc
501 332 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
423 321 gm
0 gr
423 321 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
423 312 pl
423 321 pl
425 321 pl
427 322 pl
432 322 pl
433 324 pl
436 326 pl
439 328 pl
441 328 pl
448 326 pl
449 324 pl
451 324 pl
455 322 pl
460 322 pl
460 321 pl
455 319 pl
457 304 pl
458 287 pl
455 286 pl
455 286 pl
451 284 pl
445 284 pl
432 278 pl
425 280 pl
425 283 pl
423 312 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
423 312 gm
bp
423 321 T qi
423 321 qc
425 321 qc
425 321 qc
427 322 qc
427 322 qc
432 322 qc
432 322 qc
433 324 qc
433 324 qc
436 326 qc
436 326 qc
439 328 qc
439 328 qc
441 328 qc
441 328 qc
448 326 qc
448 326 qc
449 324 qc
449 324 qc
451 324 qc
451 324 qc
455 322 qc
455 322 qc
460 322 qc
460 322 qc
460 321 qc
460 321 qc
455 319 qc
455 319 qc
457 304 qc
457 304 qc
458 287 qc
458 287 qc
455 286 qc
455 286 qc
455 286 qc
455 286 qc
451 284 qc
451 284 qc
445 284 qc
445 284 qc
432 278 qc
432 278 qc
425 280 qc
425 280 qc
425 283 qc
425 283 qc
423 312 qc
423 312 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
349 496 gm
0 gr
349 496 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
345 490 pl
349 496 pl
361 502 pl
362 503 pl
365 506 pl
367 508 pl
367 508 pl
367 510 pl
369 511 pl
369 512 pl
371 510 pl
375 508 pl
375 508 pl
378 505 pl
376 504 pl
380 502 pl
382 502 pl
381 501 pl
378 501 pl
378 498 pl
381 498 pl
384 499 pl
387 496 pl
387 495 pl
387 495 pl
387 492 pl
398 490 pl
394 486 pl
374 480 pl
369 482 pl
353 482 pl
347 486 pl
349 486 pl
348 489 pl
347 490 pl
347 490 pl
346 490 pl
345 490 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
345 490 gm
bp
349 496 T qi
349 496 qc
361 502 qc
361 502 qc
362 503 qc
362 503 qc
365 506 qc
365 506 qc
367 508 qc
367 508 qc
367 508 qc
367 508 qc
367 510 qc
367 510 qc
369 511 qc
369 511 qc
369 512 qc
369 512 qc
371 510 qc
371 510 qc
375 508 qc
375 508 qc
375 508 qc
375 508 qc
378 505 qc
378 505 qc
376 504 qc
376 504 qc
380 502 qc
380 502 qc
382 502 qc
382 502 qc
381 501 qc
381 501 qc
378 501 qc
378 501 qc
378 498 qc
378 498 qc
381 498 qc
381 498 qc
384 499 qc
384 499 qc
387 496 qc
387 496 qc
387 495 qc
387 495 qc
387 495 qc
387 495 qc
387 492 qc
387 492 qc
398 490 qc
398 490 qc
394 486 qc
394 486 qc
374 480 qc
374 480 qc
369 482 qc
369 482 qc
353 482 qc
353 482 qc
347 486 qc
347 486 qc
349 486 qc
349 486 qc
348 489 qc
348 489 qc
347 490 qc
347 490 qc
347 490 qc
347 490 qc
346 490 qc
346 490 qc
345 490 qc
345 490 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
372 479 gm
0 gr
372 479 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
374 476 pl
372 479 pl
400 489 pl
400 486 pl
404 480 pl
405 475 pl
396 474 pl
393 474 pl
388 474 pl
387 475 pl
384 475 pl
376 474 pl
376 474 pl
375 474 pl
374 476 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
374 476 gm
bp
372 479 T qi
372 479 qc
400 489 qc
400 489 qc
400 486 qc
400 486 qc
404 480 qc
404 480 qc
405 475 qc
405 475 qc
396 474 qc
396 474 qc
393 474 qc
393 474 qc
388 474 qc
388 474 qc
387 475 qc
387 475 qc
384 475 qc
384 475 qc
376 474 qc
376 474 qc
376 474 qc
376 474 qc
375 474 qc
375 474 qc
374 476 qc
374 476 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
388 463 gm
0 gr
388 463 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
382 462 pl
388 463 pl
393 463 pl
398 466 pl
401 468 pl
407 468 pl
423 473 pl
426 473 pl
428 470 pl
425 458 pl
421 457 pl
420 453 pl
422 446 pl
422 444 pl
428 419 pl
426 418 pl
423 422 pl
418 425 pl
412 423 pl
409 441 pl
407 442 pl
404 444 pl
399 441 pl
393 446 pl
385 452 pl
382 462 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
382 462 gm
bp
388 463 T qi
388 463 qc
393 463 qc
393 463 qc
398 466 qc
398 466 qc
401 468 qc
401 468 qc
407 468 qc
407 468 qc
423 473 qc
423 473 qc
426 473 qc
426 473 qc
428 470 qc
428 470 qc
425 458 qc
425 458 qc
421 457 qc
421 457 qc
420 453 qc
420 453 qc
422 446 qc
422 446 qc
422 444 qc
422 444 qc
428 419 qc
428 419 qc
426 418 qc
426 418 qc
423 422 qc
423 422 qc
418 425 qc
418 425 qc
412 423 qc
412 423 qc
409 441 qc
409 441 qc
407 442 qc
407 442 qc
404 444 qc
404 444 qc
399 441 qc
399 441 qc
393 446 qc
393 446 qc
385 452 qc
385 452 qc
382 462 qc
382 462 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
380 475 gm
0 gr
380 475 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
378 474 pl
380 475 pl
383 475 pl
387 475 pl
387 475 pl
403 475 pl
405 475 pl
407 468 pl
405 468 pl
398 467 pl
397 464 pl
393 463 pl
387 463 pl
382 462 pl
378 474 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
378 474 gm
bp
380 475 T qi
380 475 qc
383 475 qc
383 475 qc
387 475 qc
387 475 qc
387 475 qc
387 475 qc
403 475 qc
403 475 qc
405 475 qc
405 475 qc
407 468 qc
407 468 qc
405 468 qc
405 468 qc
398 467 qc
398 467 qc
397 464 qc
397 464 qc
393 463 qc
393 463 qc
387 463 qc
387 463 qc
382 462 qc
382 462 qc
378 474 qc
378 474 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
401 490 gm
0 gr
401 490 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
400 486 pl
401 490 pl
405 490 pl
410 495 pl
410 496 pl
409 498 pl
407 497 pl
410 501 pl
414 495 pl
416 493 pl
413 493 pl
414 490 pl
412 486 pl
416 476 pl
416 470 pl
407 468 pl
404 482 pl
400 486 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
400 486 gm
bp
401 490 T qi
401 490 qc
405 490 qc
405 490 qc
410 495 qc
410 495 qc
410 496 qc
410 496 qc
409 498 qc
409 498 qc
407 497 qc
407 497 qc
410 501 qc
410 501 qc
414 495 qc
414 495 qc
416 493 qc
416 493 qc
413 493 qc
413 493 qc
414 490 qc
414 490 qc
412 486 qc
412 486 qc
416 476 qc
416 476 qc
416 470 qc
416 470 qc
407 468 qc
407 468 qc
404 482 qc
404 482 qc
400 486 qc
400 486 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
427 483 gm
0 gr
427 483 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
426 483 pl
427 483 pl
429 480 pl
432 474 pl
433 473 pl
435 471 pl
432 471 pl
426 480 pl
426 483 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
426 483 gm
bp
427 483 T qi
427 483 qc
429 480 qc
429 480 qc
432 474 qc
432 474 qc
433 473 qc
433 473 qc
435 471 qc
435 471 qc
432 471 qc
432 471 qc
426 480 qc
426 480 qc
426 483 qc
426 483 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
421 457 gm
0 gr
421 457 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
421 451 pl
421 457 pl
426 458 pl
432 458 pl
438 461 pl
438 463 pl
443 461 pl
444 461 pl
445 457 pl
447 457 pl
455 416 pl
452 416 pl
427 413 pl
426 417 pl
428 418 pl
421 451 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
421 451 gm
bp
421 457 T qi
421 457 qc
426 458 qc
426 458 qc
432 458 qc
432 458 qc
438 461 qc
438 461 qc
438 463 qc
438 463 qc
443 461 qc
443 461 qc
444 461 qc
444 461 qc
445 457 qc
445 457 qc
447 457 qc
447 457 qc
455 416 qc
455 416 qc
452 416 qc
452 416 qc
427 413 qc
427 413 qc
426 417 qc
426 417 qc
428 418 qc
428 418 qc
421 451 qc
421 451 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
428 470 gm
0 gr
428 470 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
425 457 pl
428 470 pl
432 470 pl
434 468 pl
435 470 pl
438 470 pl
441 470 pl
452 467 pl
451 466 pl
449 463 pl
448 461 pl
445 461 pl
438 463 pl
435 460 pl
434 460 pl
429 458 pl
426 458 pl
425 457 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
425 457 gm
bp
428 470 T qi
428 470 qc
432 470 qc
432 470 qc
434 468 qc
434 468 qc
435 470 qc
435 470 qc
438 470 qc
438 470 qc
441 470 qc
441 470 qc
452 467 qc
452 467 qc
451 466 qc
451 466 qc
449 463 qc
449 463 qc
448 461 qc
448 461 qc
445 461 qc
445 461 qc
438 463 qc
438 463 qc
435 460 qc
435 460 qc
434 460 qc
434 460 qc
429 458 qc
429 458 qc
426 458 qc
426 458 qc
425 457 qc
425 457 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
416 491 gm
0 gr
416 491 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
412 486 pl
416 491 pl
418 489 pl
418 488 pl
421 484 pl
414 482 pl
412 486 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
412 486 gm
bp
416 491 T qi
416 491 qc
418 489 qc
418 489 qc
418 488 qc
418 488 qc
421 484 qc
421 484 qc
414 482 qc
414 482 qc
412 486 qc
412 486 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
421 484 gm
0 gr
421 484 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
414 482 pl
421 484 pl
421 483 pl
425 479 pl
427 473 pl
431 470 pl
425 473 pl
416 470 pl
414 482 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
414 482 gm
bp
421 484 T qi
421 484 qc
421 483 qc
421 483 qc
425 479 qc
425 479 qc
427 473 qc
427 473 qc
431 470 qc
431 470 qc
425 473 qc
425 473 qc
416 470 qc
416 470 qc
414 482 qc
414 482 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
448 461 gm
0 gr
448 461 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
444 461 pl
448 461 pl
449 460 pl
450 461 pl
457 467 pl
460 468 pl
461 462 pl
447 457 pl
447 458 pl
444 461 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
444 461 gm
bp
448 461 T qi
448 461 qc
449 460 qc
449 460 qc
450 461 qc
450 461 qc
457 467 qc
457 467 qc
460 468 qc
460 468 qc
461 462 qc
461 462 qc
447 457 qc
447 457 qc
447 458 qc
447 458 qc
444 461 qc
444 461 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
435 414 gm
0 gr
435 414 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
443 413 pl
435 414 pl
455 416 pl
452 427 pl
460 429 pl
457 431 pl
455 431 pl
454 435 pl
454 439 pl
454 442 pl
455 442 pl
455 441 pl
457 439 pl
457 436 pl
463 435 pl
465 431 pl
468 429 pl
465 427 pl
474 423 pl
479 422 pl
482 418 pl
483 417 pl
483 416 pl
485 411 pl
485 410 pl
478 404 pl
476 401 pl
472 401 pl
463 405 pl
465 407 pl
464 407 pl
455 413 pl
443 413 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
443 413 gm
bp
435 414 T qi
435 414 qc
455 416 qc
455 416 qc
452 427 qc
452 427 qc
460 429 qc
460 429 qc
457 431 qc
457 431 qc
455 431 qc
455 431 qc
454 435 qc
454 435 qc
454 439 qc
454 439 qc
454 442 qc
454 442 qc
455 442 qc
455 442 qc
455 441 qc
455 441 qc
457 439 qc
457 439 qc
457 436 qc
457 436 qc
463 435 qc
463 435 qc
465 431 qc
465 431 qc
468 429 qc
468 429 qc
465 427 qc
465 427 qc
474 423 qc
474 423 qc
479 422 qc
479 422 qc
482 418 qc
482 418 qc
483 417 qc
483 417 qc
483 416 qc
483 416 qc
485 411 qc
485 411 qc
485 410 qc
485 410 qc
478 404 qc
478 404 qc
476 401 qc
476 401 qc
472 401 qc
472 401 qc
463 405 qc
463 405 qc
465 407 qc
465 407 qc
464 407 qc
464 407 qc
455 413 qc
455 413 qc
443 413 qc
443 413 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
457 461 gm
0 gr
457 461 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
451 458 pl
457 461 pl
461 462 pl
460 468 pl
463 468 pl
467 467 pl
464 467 pl
464 466 pl
476 463 pl
474 462 pl
465 462 pl
467 461 pl
463 460 pl
463 458 pl
461 457 pl
460 457 pl
460 458 pl
458 455 pl
455 455 pl
455 455 pl
454 454 pl
451 455 pl
454 453 pl
450 454 pl
449 455 pl
452 452 pl
454 453 pl
461 453 pl
463 455 pl
463 454 pl
464 457 pl
464 452 pl
463 451 pl
463 448 pl
460 449 pl
455 445 pl
454 445 pl
454 440 pl
454 438 pl
455 433 pl
458 431 pl
460 429 pl
455 429 pl
452 427 pl
445 458 pl
451 458 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
451 458 gm
bp
457 461 T qi
457 461 qc
461 462 qc
461 462 qc
460 468 qc
460 468 qc
463 468 qc
463 468 qc
467 467 qc
467 467 qc
464 467 qc
464 467 qc
464 466 qc
464 466 qc
476 463 qc
476 463 qc
474 462 qc
474 462 qc
465 462 qc
465 462 qc
467 461 qc
467 461 qc
463 460 qc
463 460 qc
463 458 qc
463 458 qc
461 457 qc
461 457 qc
460 457 qc
460 457 qc
460 458 qc
460 458 qc
458 455 qc
458 455 qc
455 455 qc
455 455 qc
455 455 qc
455 455 qc
454 454 qc
454 454 qc
451 455 qc
451 455 qc
454 453 qc
454 453 qc
450 454 qc
450 454 qc
449 455 qc
449 455 qc
452 452 qc
452 452 qc
454 453 qc
454 453 qc
461 453 qc
461 453 qc
463 455 qc
463 455 qc
463 454 qc
463 454 qc
464 457 qc
464 457 qc
464 452 qc
464 452 qc
463 451 qc
463 451 qc
463 448 qc
463 448 qc
460 449 qc
460 449 qc
455 445 qc
455 445 qc
454 445 qc
454 445 qc
454 440 qc
454 440 qc
454 438 qc
454 438 qc
455 433 qc
455 433 qc
458 431 qc
458 431 qc
460 429 qc
460 429 qc
455 429 qc
455 429 qc
452 427 qc
452 427 qc
445 458 qc
445 458 qc
451 458 qc
451 458 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
476 457 gm
0 gr
476 457 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
476 455 pl
476 457 pl
476 460 pl
473 457 pl
472 460 pl
471 458 pl
471 455 pl
471 455 pl
470 457 pl
464 448 pl
464 446 pl
460 447 pl
458 447 pl
455 445 pl
454 442 pl
457 439 pl
455 436 pl
461 435 pl
464 432 pl
468 429 pl
465 427 pl
477 423 pl
478 423 pl
480 419 pl
482 417 pl
483 416 pl
485 412 pl
485 410 pl
483 409 pl
482 406 pl
489 400 pl
493 394 pl
491 409 pl
489 412 pl
491 416 pl
482 457 pl
479 464 pl
477 462 pl
478 460 pl
476 457 pl
476 455 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
476 455 gm
bp
476 457 T qi
476 457 qc
476 460 qc
476 460 qc
473 457 qc
473 457 qc
472 460 qc
472 460 qc
471 458 qc
471 458 qc
471 455 qc
471 455 qc
471 455 qc
471 455 qc
470 457 qc
470 457 qc
464 448 qc
464 448 qc
464 446 qc
464 446 qc
460 447 qc
460 447 qc
458 447 qc
458 447 qc
455 445 qc
455 445 qc
454 442 qc
454 442 qc
457 439 qc
457 439 qc
455 436 qc
455 436 qc
461 435 qc
461 435 qc
464 432 qc
464 432 qc
468 429 qc
468 429 qc
465 427 qc
465 427 qc
477 423 qc
477 423 qc
478 423 qc
478 423 qc
480 419 qc
480 419 qc
482 417 qc
482 417 qc
483 416 qc
483 416 qc
485 412 qc
485 412 qc
485 410 qc
485 410 qc
483 409 qc
483 409 qc
482 406 qc
482 406 qc
489 400 qc
489 400 qc
493 394 qc
493 394 qc
491 409 qc
491 409 qc
489 412 qc
489 412 qc
491 416 qc
491 416 qc
482 457 qc
482 457 qc
479 464 qc
479 464 qc
477 462 qc
477 462 qc
478 460 qc
478 460 qc
476 457 qc
476 457 qc
476 455 qc
476 455 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
482 466 gm
0 gr
482 466 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
479 464 pl
482 466 pl
485 467 pl
484 464 pl
491 457 pl
488 462 pl
489 464 pl
489 467 pl
489 467 pl
488 468 pl
489 470 pl
492 470 pl
493 468 pl
495 468 pl
495 467 pl
495 463 pl
493 462 pl
495 461 pl
495 460 pl
495 457 pl
495 462 pl
495 464 pl
499 462 pl
499 460 pl
501 460 pl
499 463 pl
499 466 pl
501 467 pl
504 461 pl
504 458 pl
505 457 pl
507 455 pl
514 452 pl
515 448 pl
507 436 pl
507 435 pl
507 427 pl
506 423 pl
506 413 pl
510 401 pl
510 400 pl
510 394 pl
504 401 pl
501 405 pl
498 407 pl
498 410 pl
493 413 pl
489 416 pl
489 417 pl
483 455 pl
479 464 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
479 464 gm
bp
482 466 T qi
482 466 qc
485 467 qc
485 467 qc
484 464 qc
484 464 qc
491 457 qc
491 457 qc
488 462 qc
488 462 qc
489 464 qc
489 464 qc
489 467 qc
489 467 qc
489 467 qc
489 467 qc
488 468 qc
488 468 qc
489 470 qc
489 470 qc
492 470 qc
492 470 qc
493 468 qc
493 468 qc
495 468 qc
495 468 qc
495 467 qc
495 467 qc
495 463 qc
495 463 qc
493 462 qc
493 462 qc
495 461 qc
495 461 qc
495 460 qc
495 460 qc
495 457 qc
495 457 qc
495 462 qc
495 462 qc
495 464 qc
495 464 qc
499 462 qc
499 462 qc
499 460 qc
499 460 qc
501 460 qc
501 460 qc
499 463 qc
499 463 qc
499 466 qc
499 466 qc
501 467 qc
501 467 qc
504 461 qc
504 461 qc
504 458 qc
504 458 qc
505 457 qc
505 457 qc
507 455 qc
507 455 qc
514 452 qc
514 452 qc
515 448 qc
515 448 qc
507 436 qc
507 436 qc
507 435 qc
507 435 qc
507 427 qc
507 427 qc
506 423 qc
506 423 qc
506 413 qc
506 413 qc
510 401 qc
510 401 qc
510 400 qc
510 400 qc
510 394 qc
510 394 qc
504 401 qc
504 401 qc
501 405 qc
501 405 qc
498 407 qc
498 407 qc
498 410 qc
498 410 qc
493 413 qc
493 413 qc
489 416 qc
489 416 qc
489 417 qc
489 417 qc
483 455 qc
483 455 qc
479 464 qc
479 464 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
506 423 gm
0 gr
506 423 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
506 422 pl
506 423 pl
507 426 pl
507 429 pl
507 432 pl
507 436 pl
515 448 pl
517 447 pl
528 441 pl
533 436 pl
534 431 pl
540 431 pl
540 429 pl
539 427 pl
530 423 pl
524 417 pl
524 414 pl
521 411 pl
521 407 pl
518 407 pl
515 405 pl
514 403 pl
511 405 pl
506 413 pl
506 420 pl
506 422 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
506 422 gm
bp
506 423 T qi
506 423 qc
507 426 qc
507 426 qc
507 429 qc
507 429 qc
507 432 qc
507 432 qc
507 436 qc
507 436 qc
515 448 qc
515 448 qc
517 447 qc
517 447 qc
528 441 qc
528 441 qc
533 436 qc
533 436 qc
534 431 qc
534 431 qc
540 431 qc
540 431 qc
540 429 qc
540 429 qc
539 427 qc
539 427 qc
530 423 qc
530 423 qc
524 417 qc
524 417 qc
524 414 qc
524 414 qc
521 411 qc
521 411 qc
521 407 qc
521 407 qc
518 407 qc
518 407 qc
515 405 qc
515 405 qc
514 403 qc
514 403 qc
511 405 qc
511 405 qc
506 413 qc
506 413 qc
506 420 qc
506 420 qc
506 422 qc
506 422 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
511 405 gm
0 gr
511 405 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
507 411 pl
511 405 pl
513 404 pl
514 403 pl
517 407 pl
521 407 pl
521 411 pl
524 413 pl
524 418 pl
528 419 pl
533 423 pl
539 427 pl
540 429 pl
542 426 pl
544 426 pl
546 425 pl
549 425 pl
549 423 pl
550 425 pl
552 425 pl
555 425 pl
555 423 pl
555 419 pl
558 419 pl
557 417 pl
557 410 pl
558 396 pl
556 395 pl
556 389 pl
552 389 pl
543 389 pl
540 389 pl
539 390 pl
537 389 pl
536 388 pl
531 388 pl
527 384 pl
526 384 pl
512 382 pl
507 411 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
507 411 gm
bp
511 405 T qi
511 405 qc
513 404 qc
513 404 qc
514 403 qc
514 403 qc
517 407 qc
517 407 qc
521 407 qc
521 407 qc
521 411 qc
521 411 qc
524 413 qc
524 413 qc
524 418 qc
524 418 qc
528 419 qc
528 419 qc
533 423 qc
533 423 qc
539 427 qc
539 427 qc
540 429 qc
540 429 qc
542 426 qc
542 426 qc
544 426 qc
544 426 qc
546 425 qc
546 425 qc
549 425 qc
549 425 qc
549 423 qc
549 423 qc
550 425 qc
550 425 qc
552 425 qc
552 425 qc
555 425 qc
555 425 qc
555 423 qc
555 423 qc
555 419 qc
555 419 qc
558 419 qc
558 419 qc
557 417 qc
557 417 qc
557 410 qc
557 410 qc
558 396 qc
558 396 qc
556 395 qc
556 395 qc
556 389 qc
556 389 qc
552 389 qc
552 389 qc
543 389 qc
543 389 qc
540 389 qc
540 389 qc
539 390 qc
539 390 qc
537 389 qc
537 389 qc
536 388 qc
536 388 qc
531 388 qc
531 388 qc
527 384 qc
527 384 qc
526 384 qc
526 384 qc
512 382 qc
512 382 qc
507 411 qc
507 411 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
512 382 gm
0 gr
512 382 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
512 379 pl
512 382 pl
527 384 pl
531 388 pl
534 388 pl
536 388 pl
537 390 pl
540 389 pl
555 389 pl
556 388 pl
559 366 pl
562 368 pl
564 368 pl
568 366 pl
568 363 pl
566 363 pl
564 365 pl
562 362 pl
562 362 pl
566 362 pl
565 359 pl
558 359 pl
515 357 pl
515 359 pl
512 379 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
512 379 gm
bp
512 382 T qi
512 382 qc
527 384 qc
527 384 qc
531 388 qc
531 388 qc
534 388 qc
534 388 qc
536 388 qc
536 388 qc
537 390 qc
537 390 qc
540 389 qc
540 389 qc
555 389 qc
555 389 qc
556 388 qc
556 388 qc
559 366 qc
559 366 qc
562 368 qc
562 368 qc
564 368 qc
564 368 qc
568 366 qc
568 366 qc
568 363 qc
568 363 qc
566 363 qc
566 363 qc
564 365 qc
564 365 qc
562 362 qc
562 362 qc
562 362 qc
562 362 qc
566 362 qc
566 362 qc
565 359 qc
565 359 qc
558 359 qc
558 359 qc
515 357 qc
515 357 qc
515 359 qc
515 359 qc
512 379 qc
512 379 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
515 357 gm
0 gr
515 357 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
515 354 pl
515 357 pl
528 357 pl
569 357 pl
566 352 pl
569 346 pl
566 344 pl
562 346 pl
562 328 pl
558 328 pl
557 328 pl
553 331 pl
549 333 pl
536 331 pl
535 331 pl
530 331 pl
530 333 pl
528 333 pl
526 334 pl
522 335 pl
521 337 pl
518 338 pl
517 343 pl
515 354 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
515 354 gm
bp
515 357 T qi
515 357 qc
528 357 qc
528 357 qc
569 357 qc
569 357 qc
566 352 qc
566 352 qc
569 346 qc
569 346 qc
566 344 qc
566 344 qc
562 346 qc
562 346 qc
562 328 qc
562 328 qc
558 328 qc
558 328 qc
557 328 qc
557 328 qc
553 331 qc
553 331 qc
549 333 qc
549 333 qc
536 331 qc
536 331 qc
535 331 qc
535 331 qc
530 331 qc
530 331 qc
530 333 qc
530 333 qc
528 333 qc
528 333 qc
526 334 qc
526 334 qc
522 335 qc
522 335 qc
521 337 qc
521 337 qc
518 338 qc
518 338 qc
517 343 qc
517 343 qc
515 354 qc
515 354 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
558 423 gm
0 gr
558 423 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
562 425 pl
558 423 pl
556 427 pl
556 425 pl
553 419 pl
558 419 pl
559 419 pl
557 417 pl
557 412 pl
558 396 pl
556 395 pl
556 389 pl
559 366 pl
563 369 pl
566 367 pl
565 372 pl
563 372 pl
564 376 pl
563 379 pl
564 382 pl
565 382 pl
566 385 pl
564 385 pl
564 387 pl
564 388 pl
566 388 pl
571 391 pl
566 401 pl
565 401 pl
565 403 pl
568 409 pl
572 412 pl
573 413 pl
577 418 pl
586 418 pl
589 419 pl
587 419 pl
591 420 pl
594 420 pl
600 425 pl
597 425 pl
598 426 pl
601 426 pl
602 427 pl
602 429 pl
609 432 pl
614 438 pl
617 439 pl
616 444 pl
614 445 pl
611 446 pl
610 446 pl
608 446 pl
606 447 pl
601 447 pl
594 445 pl
594 444 pl
591 444 pl
578 436 pl
580 439 pl
564 429 pl
558 426 pl
562 425 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
562 425 gm
bp
558 423 T qi
558 423 qc
556 427 qc
556 427 qc
556 425 qc
556 425 qc
553 419 qc
553 419 qc
558 419 qc
558 419 qc
559 419 qc
559 419 qc
557 417 qc
557 417 qc
557 412 qc
557 412 qc
558 396 qc
558 396 qc
556 395 qc
556 395 qc
556 389 qc
556 389 qc
559 366 qc
559 366 qc
563 369 qc
563 369 qc
566 367 qc
566 367 qc
565 372 qc
565 372 qc
563 372 qc
563 372 qc
564 376 qc
564 376 qc
563 379 qc
563 379 qc
564 382 qc
564 382 qc
565 382 qc
565 382 qc
566 385 qc
566 385 qc
564 385 qc
564 385 qc
564 387 qc
564 387 qc
564 388 qc
564 388 qc
566 388 qc
566 388 qc
571 391 qc
571 391 qc
566 401 qc
566 401 qc
565 401 qc
565 401 qc
565 403 qc
565 403 qc
568 409 qc
568 409 qc
572 412 qc
572 412 qc
573 413 qc
573 413 qc
577 418 qc
577 418 qc
586 418 qc
586 418 qc
589 419 qc
589 419 qc
587 419 qc
587 419 qc
591 420 qc
591 420 qc
594 420 qc
594 420 qc
600 425 qc
600 425 qc
597 425 qc
597 425 qc
598 426 qc
598 426 qc
601 426 qc
601 426 qc
602 427 qc
602 427 qc
602 429 qc
602 429 qc
609 432 qc
609 432 qc
614 438 qc
614 438 qc
617 439 qc
617 439 qc
616 444 qc
616 444 qc
614 445 qc
614 445 qc
611 446 qc
611 446 qc
610 446 qc
610 446 qc
608 446 qc
608 446 qc
606 447 qc
606 447 qc
601 447 qc
601 447 qc
594 445 qc
594 445 qc
594 444 qc
594 444 qc
591 444 qc
591 444 qc
578 436 qc
578 436 qc
580 439 qc
580 439 qc
564 429 qc
564 429 qc
558 426 qc
558 426 qc
562 425 qc
562 425 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
433 350 gm
0 gr
433 350 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
433 346 pl
433 350 pl
435 350 pl
442 355 pl
445 355 pl
467 356 pl
473 356 pl
478 354 pl
482 354 pl
484 353 pl
484 354 pl
488 354 pl
489 350 pl
495 350 pl
493 343 pl
489 343 pl
486 343 pl
484 338 pl
483 337 pl
479 334 pl
474 335 pl
473 331 pl
470 328 pl
467 325 pl
460 322 pl
451 324 pl
450 324 pl
443 328 pl
442 328 pl
441 328 pl
439 328 pl
434 325 pl
434 328 pl
433 346 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
433 346 gm
bp
433 350 T qi
433 350 qc
435 350 qc
435 350 qc
442 355 qc
442 355 qc
445 355 qc
445 355 qc
467 356 qc
467 356 qc
473 356 qc
473 356 qc
478 354 qc
478 354 qc
482 354 qc
482 354 qc
484 353 qc
484 353 qc
484 354 qc
484 354 qc
488 354 qc
488 354 qc
489 350 qc
489 350 qc
495 350 qc
495 350 qc
493 343 qc
493 343 qc
489 343 qc
489 343 qc
486 343 qc
486 343 qc
484 338 qc
484 338 qc
483 337 qc
483 337 qc
479 334 qc
479 334 qc
474 335 qc
474 335 qc
473 331 qc
473 331 qc
470 328 qc
470 328 qc
467 325 qc
467 325 qc
460 322 qc
460 322 qc
451 324 qc
451 324 qc
450 324 qc
450 324 qc
443 328 qc
443 328 qc
442 328 qc
442 328 qc
441 328 qc
441 328 qc
439 328 qc
439 328 qc
434 325 qc
434 325 qc
434 328 qc
434 328 qc
433 346 qc
433 346 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
468 382 gm
0 gr
468 382 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
467 379 pl
468 382 pl
468 384 pl
471 387 pl
471 395 pl
470 398 pl
472 400 pl
477 404 pl
479 405 pl
482 406 pl
483 405 pl
489 400 pl
493 394 pl
495 391 pl
495 388 pl
498 355 pl
501 355 pl
501 343 pl
499 343 pl
497 346 pl
493 343 pl
493 348 pl
495 350 pl
492 350 pl
489 350 pl
488 354 pl
485 355 pl
483 357 pl
483 361 pl
483 362 pl
482 365 pl
482 367 pl
479 369 pl
479 370 pl
476 375 pl
474 375 pl
472 379 pl
467 379 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
467 379 gm
bp
468 382 T qi
468 382 qc
468 384 qc
468 384 qc
471 387 qc
471 387 qc
471 395 qc
471 395 qc
470 398 qc
470 398 qc
472 400 qc
472 400 qc
477 404 qc
477 404 qc
479 405 qc
479 405 qc
482 406 qc
482 406 qc
483 405 qc
483 405 qc
489 400 qc
489 400 qc
493 394 qc
493 394 qc
495 391 qc
495 391 qc
495 388 qc
495 388 qc
498 355 qc
498 355 qc
501 355 qc
501 355 qc
501 343 qc
501 343 qc
499 343 qc
499 343 qc
497 346 qc
497 346 qc
493 343 qc
493 343 qc
493 348 qc
493 348 qc
495 350 qc
495 350 qc
492 350 qc
492 350 qc
489 350 qc
489 350 qc
488 354 qc
488 354 qc
485 355 qc
485 355 qc
483 357 qc
483 357 qc
483 361 qc
483 361 qc
483 362 qc
483 362 qc
482 365 qc
482 365 qc
482 367 qc
482 367 qc
479 369 qc
479 369 qc
479 370 qc
479 370 qc
476 375 qc
476 375 qc
474 375 qc
474 375 qc
472 379 qc
472 379 qc
467 379 qc
467 379 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
489 412 gm
0 gr
489 412 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
489 410 pl
489 412 pl
491 416 pl
497 410 pl
498 407 pl
501 405 pl
507 398 pl
510 394 pl
511 389 pl
515 356 pl
515 347 pl
518 337 pl
518 338 pl
515 337 pl
514 338 pl
512 341 pl
511 341 pl
510 341 pl
505 343 pl
501 343 pl
501 350 pl
501 355 pl
498 355 pl
493 395 pl
489 410 pl
489 410 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
489 410 gm
bp
489 412 T qi
489 412 qc
491 416 qc
491 416 qc
497 410 qc
497 410 qc
498 407 qc
498 407 qc
501 405 qc
501 405 qc
507 398 qc
507 398 qc
510 394 qc
510 394 qc
511 389 qc
511 389 qc
515 356 qc
515 356 qc
515 347 qc
515 347 qc
518 337 qc
518 337 qc
518 338 qc
518 338 qc
515 337 qc
515 337 qc
514 338 qc
514 338 qc
512 341 qc
512 341 qc
511 341 qc
511 341 qc
510 341 qc
510 341 qc
505 343 qc
505 343 qc
501 343 qc
501 343 qc
501 350 qc
501 350 qc
501 355 qc
501 355 qc
498 355 qc
498 355 qc
493 395 qc
493 395 qc
489 410 qc
489 410 qc
489 410 qc
489 410 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
378 344 gm
0 gr
378 344 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
377 344 pl
378 344 pl
382 341 pl
385 341 pl
384 344 pl
387 350 pl
387 352 pl
387 354 pl
388 354 pl
385 357 pl
382 367 pl
385 367 pl
387 374 pl
390 376 pl
390 372 pl
390 369 pl
393 369 pl
390 365 pl
393 363 pl
393 362 pl
393 361 pl
393 361 pl
394 357 pl
397 356 pl
396 356 pl
400 354 pl
412 346 pl
400 348 pl
404 346 pl
404 346 pl
396 346 pl
398 343 pl
396 343 pl
396 341 pl
393 335 pl
393 331 pl
391 328 pl
390 326 pl
387 331 pl
383 337 pl
380 340 pl
377 344 pl
4 ep
1 1 pen
377 344 gm
bp
378 344 T qi
378 344 qc
382 341 qc
382 341 qc
385 341 qc
385 341 qc
384 344 qc
384 344 qc
387 350 qc
387 350 qc
387 352 qc
387 352 qc
387 354 qc
387 354 qc
388 354 qc
388 354 qc
385 357 qc
385 357 qc
382 367 qc
382 367 qc
385 367 qc
385 367 qc
387 374 qc
387 374 qc
390 376 qc
390 376 qc
390 372 qc
390 372 qc
390 369 qc
390 369 qc
393 369 qc
393 369 qc
390 365 qc
390 365 qc
393 363 qc
393 363 qc
393 362 qc
393 362 qc
393 361 qc
393 361 qc
393 361 qc
393 361 qc
394 357 qc
394 357 qc
397 356 qc
397 356 qc
396 356 qc
396 356 qc
400 354 qc
400 354 qc
412 346 qc
412 346 qc
400 348 qc
400 348 qc
404 346 qc
404 346 qc
404 346 qc
404 346 qc
396 346 qc
396 346 qc
398 343 qc
398 343 qc
396 343 qc
396 343 qc
396 341 qc
396 341 qc
393 335 qc
393 335 qc
393 331 qc
393 331 qc
391 328 qc
391 328 qc
390 326 qc
390 326 qc
387 331 qc
387 331 qc
383 337 qc
383 337 qc
380 340 qc
380 340 qc
377 344 qc
377 344 T qq
qf
qf
ef
0 gr
15 ec
(nc 329 42 624 542 6 rc)kp
0 0 pen
394 375 gm
0 gr
394 375 lin
nc ct 39 0 put
62 gr
pr
394 372 pl
394 375 pl
399 385 pl
401 384 pl
404 387 pl
410 387 pl
413 383 pl
416 383 pl
418 384 pl
418 385 pl
413 387 pl
410 388 pl
412 391 pl
414 394 pl
418 395 pl
420 395 pl
425 397 pl
429 392 pl
438 391 pl
438 378 pl
439 365 pl
431 367 pl
414 362 pl
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338 42 gm
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350 42 gm
-0.11701 0.(disclosure meeting to inform them that  a new not-for-profit corporation, tentatively called Newnet)ashow
362 42 gm
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386 42 gm
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40 gr
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422 42 gm
-0.08403 0.(went into operation in 1987 and early 1988 had network hardware owned and operated by the end-)ashow
434 42 gm
-0.08027 0.(user sites. Network operations were frequently add-on responsibilities to computer center staff at)ashow
446 42 gm
-0.04548 0.(such sites. Decisions about  network topology, software and operations  as well as policy was)ashow
458 42 gm
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470 42 gm
-0.03495 0.(regional network . )ashow
494 42 gm
-0.03688 0.(By 1990, most networks had hired executives responsible for delivery of services.  Hardware was)ashow
506 42 gm
-0.07041 0.(more often owned by the network with responsibility for hardware and software upgrades in the)ashow
518 42 gm
-0.06225 0.(hand of network management. Network Operations moved toward a 24 hour a day, 7 day a week)ashow
530 42 gm
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554 42 gm
-0.08290 0.(There was more of a bifurcation on delivery of the network transport service with some networks)ashow
566 42 gm
-0.01985 0.(\(e.g. PREPNet\) subcontracting this out completely and others, \(e.g.JVNC\), providing all network)ashow
578 42 gm
-0.05973 0.(services, including transport, as a completely in-house operation.)ashow
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0 gr
642 186 lin
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1 setTxMode
8 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
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(29)show
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10 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
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-0.02119 0.( Ibid )ashow
687 42 gm
2 fs
12 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt
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0.06362 0. 32 0.00636 0.(Future of Mid-Level Networks)awidthshow
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
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( )show
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2 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt
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-0.23664 0.(Page  22)ashow
F T cp
%%Page: ? 26
op
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(LEVEL  4)show
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(VALUE-ADDED  SUPERSTRUCTURE)show
87 378 gm
1.81005 0 rmoveto
(\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320)show
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10 fz
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-0.07217 0.(- value-added services such as access to)ashow
112 326 gm
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124 317 gm
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(archives, bulletin boards)show
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170 242 lin
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230 242 lin
300 25 gm
300 242 lin
375 26 gm
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451 27 gm
451 241 lin
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521 242 lin
104 64 gm
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(\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320)show
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(\320 )show
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(Application oriented Ffunctions)show
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1.81005 0 rmoveto
(\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320)show
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(SESSION LAYER \(5\) )show
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1.81005 0 rmoveto
(\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320)show
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1.64916 0 rmoveto
(support of recovery of distributed processing)show
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(nc 319 26 371 243 6 rc)kp
-0.09257 0.(TRANSPORT LAYER \(4\))ashow
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1.81005 0 rmoveto
(\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320)show
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10 fz
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(End to end control of transportation of data,)show
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0.54077 0 rmoveto
(optimization of network resource usage)show
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(Packet routing, Congestion Control,)show
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1.10839 0 rmoveto
(internetworking)show
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(\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320)show
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(PHYSICAL LAYER \(1\))show
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(\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320)show
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500 310 gm
500 527 lin
204 395 gm
(nc 194 318 300 522 6 rc)kp
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bu fc
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( LEVEL 3)show
218 356 gm
-0.04196 0.( NETWORK SERVICES)ashow
232 384 gm
1.81005 0 rmoveto
(\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320)show
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10 fz
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-0.01402 0.(- basic operations and services, including:)ashow
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0.37573 0 rmoveto
(end-end connections, E-mail, file transfer, )show
269 319 gm
0.48779 0 rmoveto
(remote login, network monitoring and network )show
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0.27832 0 rmoveto
(security)show
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-0.44529 0.(    )ashow
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(nc 41 23 619 529 6 rc)kp
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psb
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psb
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0 0 2 9 9 2 dh
577 242 gm
617 309 lin
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psb
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391 394 gm
(nc 381 315 471 523 6 rc)kp
0.15380 0 rmoveto
1 setTxMode
(LEVEL  2)show
405 347 gm
0.83789 0 rmoveto
( USER-DEFINED SUBNET)show
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1.81005 0 rmoveto
(\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320)show
432 336 gm
10 fz
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-0.00924 0.(- provision of end to end bit transport, )ashow
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1.42871 0 rmoveto
(including: router selection, routing issues, )show
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2.08276 0 rmoveto
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0.60961 0 rmoveto
(networks.)show
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(nc 518 313 596 525 6 rc)kp
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12 fz
bu fc
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( LEVEL 1)show
542 319 gm
0.00537 0 rmoveto
(PHYSICAL NET INFRASTRUCTURE)show
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1.81005 0 rmoveto
(\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320\320)show
569 330 gm
10 fz
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-0.02751 0.(-configuration and quality of leased lines )ashow
581 323 gm
1.64550 0 rmoveto
(underlying the network. Key issues include:)show
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(network topolgy, line quality, local loop bypass)show
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(nc 41 23 619 529 6 rc)kp
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142 242 lin
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psb
pse
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(nc 0 0 730 552 6 rc)kp
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-0.08071 0.(Figure 10 . The 4 level Model and its relationship to OSI.)ashow
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2 fs
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( )show
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-0.23664 0.(Page  23)ashow
F T cp
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op
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(nc 0 0 730 552 6 rc)kp
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-0.12269 0.(The internal organization of the regional networks in this period can be placed in a two-dimensional)ashow
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86 41 gm
-0.12174 0.(and a horizontal axis running from Complete Inhouse Operation to Complete )ashow
98 41 gm
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122 41 gm
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134 41 gm
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146 41 gm
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158 41 gm
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170 41 gm
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182 41 gm
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194 41 gm
-0.06637 0.(Pennsylvania, with hardware owned and operated by it. telephone company. Between  BARRNet)ashow
206 41 gm
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218 41 gm
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242 41 gm
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254 41 gm
-0.08415 0.(their area of concerns, until the very end of this period was still one dimensional and focused on)ashow
266 41 gm
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278 41 gm
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290 41 gm
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302 41 gm
-0.07327 0.(with their suppliers.  In\320house network personnel were still intimately in topology, architecture ,)ashow
314 41 gm
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326 41 gm
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338 41 gm
-0.12928 0.(with their Operations Vendor.  The relative immaturity of large-scale TCP/IP networking made it)ashow
350 41 gm
-0.10989 0.(impractical to purchase turnkey services and pay for an end product - the delivery of specified and)ashow
362 41 gm
-0.03160 0.(agreed upon end-user services.)ashow
386 41 gm
-0.08776 0.(As the networks continued to move towards Level 4 \320 the delivery of value-added services, this)ashow
398 41 gm
-0.02957 0.(one-dimensional focus broadened.  For example, in late 1988, NYSERNet, Inc., and NYTEL)ashow
410 41 gm
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422 41 gm
-0.10121 0.(services to NYSERNet. NYSERNet recognized that the differences between the requirements for)ashow
434 41 gm
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446 41 gm
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458 41 gm
-0.12295 0.(state of the art data communications operations required by the research community. It decided to)ashow
470 41 gm
-0.02284 0.(operate, maintain, and grow the network on its own.  NYSERNet's understanding by late 1988)ashow
482 41 gm
-0.07035 0.(that a new  perspective on networking was required, a perspective beyond "Nuts and Bolts"  made)ashow
494 41 gm
-0.07575 0.(it clear to NYSERNet's management that it was necessary to move forward with a more business-)ashow
506 41 gm
-0.09167 0.(like structure. NYSERNet established subdivisions for technology development and marketing and)ashow
518 41 gm
-0.06353 0.(sales,  and a marketing and sales manager was hired in early 1989 .)ashow
542 41 gm
-0.09944 0.(An even better example is given by the CICNet experience.  In 1989, CICNet hired an Executive)ashow
554 41 gm
-0.09848 0.(Director, Joel Maloff, with a commercial telecommunications, marketing, and business)ashow
566 41 gm
-0.09309 0.(background.  He was previously Director of Marketing for NTN, the National Telecommunication)ashow
578 41 gm
-0.09251 0.(Network, a general partnership of seven independent regional telephone companies.  The choice by)ashow
590 41 gm
-0.08369 0.(CICNet of an individual with this type of background was unique within the research and)ashow
602 41 gm
-0.07376 0.(educational network environment.  The CICNet business plan )ashow
0 -2 rm
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-0.06536 0.(30)ashow
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-0.07365 0.( envisions both a service manager)ashow
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-0.10884 0.(responsible for the maintenance of user satisfaction and a marketing manager responsible for the )ashow
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0.12791 0.(30)ashow
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12.47991 fz
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2 fs
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( )show
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2 fs
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2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt
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-0.23664 0.(Page  24)ashow
F T cp
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(nc 167 358 181 439 6 rc)kp
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12 fz
bu fc
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(NorthWestnet)show
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0 gr
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159 143 gm
(nc 149 142 163 183 6 rc)kp
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(MIDnet)show
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0 gr
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111 157 117 163 0 ov
132 143 gm
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(JVNCnet)show
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0 gr
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(nc 197 133 211 187 6 rc)kp
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(nc 41 24 299 484 6 rc)kp
0 gr
84 154 90 160 1 ov
84 154 90 160 0 ov
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(nc 71 145 85 175 6 rc)kp
1 setTxMode
(Merit)show
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0 gr
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84 391 90 397 0 ov
75 365 gm
(nc 65 364 79 426 6 rc)kp
1 setTxMode
(NYSERNet)show
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0 gr
pr
43 122 pl
60 126 pl
60 122 pl
60 118 pl
43 122 pl
1 ep
pr
241 122 pl
224 118 pl
224 122 pl
224 126 pl
241 122 pl
1 ep
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223 121 lin
pr
257 122 pl
253 139 pl
257 139 pl
261 139 pl
257 122 pl
1 ep
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257 482 pl
261 465 pl
257 465 pl
253 465 pl
257 482 pl
1 ep
256 138 gm
256 464 lin
273 411 gm
(nc 263 410 291 483 6 rc)kp
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bu fc
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(Outsourced)show
287 411 gm
(Operations)show
280 123 gm
(nc 270 122 298 187 6 rc)kp
(In-House)show
294 123 gm
(Operations)show
248 26 gm
(nc 238 25 252 132 6 rc)kp
(Decentralization)show
57 31 gm
(nc 47 30 61 123 6 rc)kp
(Centralization)show
320 165 gm
(nc 0 0 730 552 6 rc)kp
0 fs
bu fc
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-0.04174 0.(Fig. 11A   The Regional Networks in 1987)ashow
(nc 359 24 617 484 6 rc)kp
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541 121 lin
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1 ep
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574 464 lin
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(nc 581 410 609 483 6 rc)kp
1 setTxMode
1 fs
bu fc
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(Outsourced)show
605 411 gm
(Operations)show
598 123 gm
(nc 588 122 616 187 6 rc)kp
(In-House)show
612 123 gm
(Operations)show
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(nc 556 25 570 132 6 rc)kp
(Decentralization)show
375 31 gm
(nc 365 30 379 123 6 rc)kp
(Centralization)show
(nc 359 24 617 484 6 rc)kp
0 gr
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474 286 480 292 0 ov
495 254 gm
(nc 485 253 499 334 6 rc)kp
1 setTxMode
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bu fc
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(NorthWestnet)show
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453 232 459 238 1 ov
453 232 459 238 0 ov
450 218 gm
(nc 440 217 454 258 6 rc)kp
1 setTxMode
(MIDnet)show
(nc 359 24 617 484 6 rc)kp
0 gr
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438 142 444 148 0 ov
459 128 gm
(nc 449 127 463 178 6 rc)kp
1 setTxMode
(JVNCnet)show
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0 gr
531 160 537 166 1 ov
531 160 537 166 0 ov
522 140 gm
(nc 512 139 526 193 6 rc)kp
1 setTxMode
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0 gr
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420 184 426 190 0 ov
417 176 gm
(nc 407 175 421 205 6 rc)kp
1 setTxMode
(Merit)show
(nc 359 24 617 484 6 rc)kp
0 gr
393 421 399 427 1 ov
393 421 399 427 0 ov
384 395 gm
(nc 374 394 388 456 6 rc)kp
1 setTxMode
(NYSERNet)show
(nc 359 24 617 484 6 rc)kp
0 gr
420 308 426 314 1 ov
420 308 426 314 0 ov
414 285 gm
(nc 404 284 418 330 6 rc)kp
1 setTxMode
(CICNET)show
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0 gr
384 146 390 152 1 ov
384 146 390 152 0 ov
378 132 gm
(nc 368 131 382 182 6 rc)kp
1 setTxMode
-0.05595 0.(CERFnet)ashow
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414 366 gm
(nc 404 365 418 416 6 rc)kp
1 setTxMode
-0.05848 0.(PREPnet)ashow
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(nc 449 320 463 372 6 rc)kp
(NEARnet)show
(nc 359 24 617 484 6 rc)kp
0 gr
438 344 444 350 1 ov
438 344 444 350 0 ov
638 166 gm
(nc 0 0 730 552 6 rc)kp
1 setTxMode
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2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
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-0.02554 0.(Fig. 11B  The Regional Networks in 1990)ashow
687 42 gm
2 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt
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0.06362 0. 32 0.00636 0.(Future of Mid-Level Networks)awidthshow
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
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( )show
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2 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt
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-0.23664 0.(Page  25)ashow
F T cp
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op
0 0 730 552 fr
0 0 xl
1 1 pen
50 42 gm
(nc 0 0 730 552 6 rc)kp
1 setTxMode
0 fs
12 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
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-0.10726 0.("identification and solicitation of new members."  Among the long-term plans of CICNet one can)ashow
62 42 gm
-0.10055 0.(find  "An active but economical public relations program must be undertaken.")ashow
0 -2 rm
9 fz
bu fc
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-0.09194 0.(31)ashow
0 2 rm
12 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
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( )show
86 42 gm
-0.08834 0.(The cases of ANS and PSI best characterize the evolution which was occurring between 1986 and)ashow
98 42 gm
-0.07113 0.(1990.  The two most successful of the regionals, Merit and NYSERNet had decided that new)ashow
110 42 gm
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-0.10528 0.(networking technology  and services is seen as necessary  "to maintain international)ashow
62 41 gm
-0.10850 0.(competitiveness and the viability of American jobs in the future".)ashow
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186.00077 ul
2.13943 0. 32 0.21394 0.(B.   The Limited Network Model)awidthshow
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-0.11573 0.(The first pattern, that of the Limited Network Model \(LNM\) is an abstraction of the current state of)ashow
86 41 gm
-0.10946 0.(many of the regionals today. Moving from the reality of the "standard" regional to the abstract)ashow
98 41 gm
-0.13781 0.(category of the Limited Network Model we can characterize the LNM as follows:)ashow
122 78 gm
-0.06790 0.(1\) Restricted Set of Products/Services - The primary focus of the LNM is on operations,)ashow
134 78 gm
-0.06321 0.(i.e. - the delivery of adequate TCP/IP transport services. Some degree of monitoring and)ashow
146 78 gm
-0.08677 0.(troubleshooting is provided.  Additional services and/or products may exist but  are not)ashow
158 78 gm
-0.06398 0.(emphasized.)ashow
182 78 gm
-0.10815 0.(2\) Limited Quality and Customer Service. \320  The key emphasis of the LNM is on adequacy)ashow
194 78 gm
-0.06236 0.(of service rather than excellence. Some corners are cut, thus, for example, network)ashow
206 78 gm
-0.07347 0.(operations are generally not provided on a 24 hour a day/ seven day a week basis, but)ashow
218 78 gm
-0.08197 0.(absolute lowest cost is not the goal either. )ashow
242 78 gm
-0.08985 0.(3\) "Reasonable Prices" \320 The price charged by the LNM will be "reasonable". For example)ashow
254 78 gm
-0.03132 0.(SURANet and JVNC's prices are not as high as the price of PSINet service nor as low as)ashow
266 78 gm
0.15457 0. 32 0.01545 0.(that of BARRNet's offerings.)awidthshow
290 78 gm
-0.12884 0.(4\) Intermediate sized scope - The LNM does not act  on a national scale geographically nor)ashow
302 78 gm
-0.11418 0.(does focus on a specialized product niche within the networking marketplace.It attempts to)ashow
314 78 gm
-0.11831 0.(service all of the vaguely defined  "research and educational market". )ashow
338 78 gm
-0.09172 0.(JVNC or SURANet would fall within the category of the Limited Network Model,)ashow
350 78 gm
-0.09637 0.(BARRNet  with its distinct focus on a specific metropolitan area would not. )ashow
374 41 gm
-0.11659 0.(The limited network  model does not match well with the challenges which the networks have set)ashow
386 41 gm
-0.11488 0.(for themselves.   Nor is the LNM  a particularly viable model.  We have stated earlier that the)ashow
398 41 gm
-0.08959 0.(regionals are not executing their current functions well.  However, even were they to improve their)ashow
410 41 gm
-0.12600 0.(ability to function dramatically, there are structural forces mitigating against the success of this)ashow
422 41 gm
-0.03373 0.(model.  These  forces and trends were discussed in the analysis in Section I.4 of why NYSERNet,)ashow
434 41 gm
-0.10025 0.(felt the need to "privatize" its network operations. In summary they  are:)ashow
446 41 gm
( )show
458 78 gm
0.83328 0. 32 0.08332 0.(1. )awidthshow
458 96 gm
-0.08299 0.(without economies of scale costs are high and remain high.  )ashow
470 78 gm
0.83328 0. 32 0.08332 0.(2. )awidthshow
470 96 gm
-0.13421 0.(achieving economies of scale  necessitates an easing of acceptable usage policies in)ashow
482 96 gm
-0.08619 0.(order to sign up a broader range of commercial customers as well as expansion beyond)ashow
494 96 gm
-0.10089 0.(accepted regional boundaries. )ashow
506 78 gm
0.83328 0. 32 0.08332 0.(3. )awidthshow
506 96 gm
-0.10151 0.(expanded operations may constitute unfair competition by the non-profit sector vs.the)ashow
518 96 gm
-0.13412 0.(commercial sector.)ashow
530 78 gm
0.83328 0. 32 0.08332 0.(4. )awidthshow
530 96 gm
-0.11280 0.(a not-for-profit, cannot easily raise venture capital)ashow
554 42 gm
-0.12879 0.(As long as the Internet continues to function like a regulated marketplace, with the playing field)ashow
566 42 gm
-0.11997 0.(kept artificially level because of direct federal subsidies to regional networks to provide operations)ashow
578 42 gm
-0.06068 0.(services, the regionals have some chance of surviving as niche providers in the "business as usual")ashow
590 42 gm
-0.02311 0.(mold. However, once  the subsidies go away--- so will those niches! )ashow
614 42 gm
-0.11277 0.(The type of regional most likely to survive in such circumstances is the State-funded regional \320 the)ashow
626 42 gm
-0.07492 0.(State Network. The State network, sometimes considered a "fourth tier" of the three tier model, is)ashow
638 42 gm
-0.11517 0.(either positioned between  the third tier "campus" network and the federally subsidized regional)ashow
650 42 gm
-0.06724 0.(network  \(e.g. the CONCERT network in North Carolina lies between SURANet and the campus)ashow
687 42 gm
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0.06362 0. 32 0.00636 0.(Future of Mid-Level Networks)awidthshow
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-0.04635 0.(layer\),  or is an NSF recognized mid-level itself, such as Colorado Super Net. Most state networks)ashow
62 42 gm
-0.05297 0.(exist either to interconnect branches of the State University  system \(e.g. T.H.E.Net services the)ashow
74 42 gm
-0.03823 0.(Texas University system \) or are outgrowths of such networks. \(e.g. Merit  started life as a)ashow
86 42 gm
-0.10617 0.(network interconnecting some of the publicly supported universities in the state of Michigan, but)ashow
98 42 gm
-0.10800 0.(evolved into a network servicing the private universities in Michigan as well.\) )ashow
122 42 gm
-0.11628 0.(The latter type of State Network is a good example of an LNM which will probably be viable in the)ashow
134 42 gm
-0.07328 0.(long run. As a result of direct subsidization of the network by the state, the state network is not)ashow
146 42 gm
-0.12380 0.(totally subject to the market forces which exist in a deregulated and unsubsidized marketplace. The)ashow
158 42 gm
-0.08471 0.(state network can charge its customers a fee which represents only its marginal costs or , in the)ashow
170 42 gm
-0.07592 0.(case of other state supported entities, often no fee at all. Thus it is a "low cost" provider and)ashow
182 42 gm
-0.09565 0.(because of political considerations will tend to stay low cost. Furthermore the rising quality of)ashow
194 42 gm
-0.11856 0.(operations services, brought on by competition  in the commercial networking marketplace is likely)ashow
206 42 gm
-0.10049 0.(to force the State network to improve the quality of its services as well, without necessarily leading)ashow
218 42 gm
-0.10858 0.(to dramatic increases in the fees it charges. )ashow
230 42 gm
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242 42 gm
-0.05281 0.(The "pure" state network, which services only the state's  public college and university  system ,)ashow
254 42 gm
-0.08833 0.(as well as those  regionals,which  cater to a very limited region and have a homogeneous, hi-tech)ashow
266 42 gm
-0.06600 0.(class of users,  are better characterized as Low Cost Operators.)ashow
302 42 gm
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1.80816 0. 32 0.18081 0.(C.   The Low Cost Operator)awidthshow
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-0.07554 0.(The low cost operator provides a low-cost, no frills communications service.  In addition to the)ashow
338 42 gm
-0.08950 0.("pure" state networks discussed above, Alternet is an  example in the for-profit sector. Alternet)ashow
350 42 gm
-0.13017 0.(operates over a broad geographic territory and aims at a large marketplace.  It extends little)ashow
362 42 gm
-0.07588 0.(technical support, and assumes that the customer handles his own technical  problems.  )ashow
386 42 gm
-0.08132 0.(BARRNet is an example of a low cost provider which targets a very specific set of customers. )ashow
398 42 gm
-0.10667 0.(Here, the market is concentrated in the Bay Area, is relatively homogeneous, and requires little)ashow
410 42 gm
-0.08515 0.(technical support when compared to the needs of a more diverse user base. In addition)ashow
422 42 gm
-0.06082 0.(BARRNET, among the regionals, has the most stringent restrictions on usage.   Because of the)ashow
434 42 gm
-0.13470 0.(need to concentrate on low cost communication service, little attention can be paid to other services)ashow
446 42 gm
-0.06723 0.(and markets which we have described, and few resources can be directed to them.  Low cost is)ashow
458 42 gm
-0.08607 0.(thus sometimes achieved by skimping on quality.)ashow
470 42 gm
(  )show
482 42 gm
-0.09751 0.(In the case of other newly de-regulated markets, low-cost providers have generally migrated)ashow
494 42 gm
-0.10488 0.(quickly to other niche roles via higher cost specialty services, and have lost their interest in low-fee)ashow
506 42 gm
-0.08404 0.(markets.  Their low-cost structures and no-frills approach are usually not sustainable in the long)ashow
519 42 gm
-0.08815 0.(run except in very special circumstances.)ashow
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-0.09056 0.(Thus though some regionals, especially the state)ashow
531 42 gm
-0.08197 0.(networks, will continue and be viable  in the long term as  low cost operators; this is not a)ashow
543 42 gm
-0.09381 0.(reasonable model for the majority of regionals. Furthermore, the LCO model, even more than  the)ashow
555 42 gm
-0.10180 0.(Limited Network Model, clearly cannot serve to meet the networking challenges of the 1990s.)ashow
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( Strategic Choices for Newly Opened Markets, Harvard Business Review, Vol 68,)show
659 42 gm
0.25329 0. 32 0.02532 0.(  No 5, \(1990\) 158-166)awidthshow
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0.06362 0. 32 0.00636 0.(Future of Mid-Level Networks)awidthshow
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276.00126 ul
2.34085 0. 32 0.23408 0.(D.   The Challenge of the Full Service Providers)awidthshow
74 42 gm
0 fs
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-0.04525 0.(The third pattern, that of the Full Service Provider \(FSP\), is typified by  PSI or  ANS, respectively)ashow
86 42 gm
-0.08497 0.(the  "private" and  "quasi-private" which evolved from the regionals.  The Full Service Provider)ashow
98 42 gm
-0.08422 0.(sells a broad array of the products and services  over an extensive geographic area.  It is organized)ashow
110 42 gm
-0.05157 0.(as a true business with attention to operations, services, technology, marketing and sales, and)ashow
122 42 gm
-0.10935 0.(planning.  By operating over an extended area and catering to large publics, it has the potential to)ashow
134 42 gm
-0.09660 0.(benefit from large economies of scale and to pass this advantage along to the customer, by offering)ashow
146 42 gm
-0.11727 0.(high-quality networking at an affordable price to all of the market.)ashow
170 42 gm
-0.04556 0.(The Full Service Provider is akin to a category of successful businesses in other industries.  Thus,)ashow
182 42 gm
-0.09884 0.(for example, in markets which opened after de-regulation of the airlines and telephone industries, a)ashow
194 42 gm
-0.09634 0.(recent review showed that companies which offered a wide range of services to a broad public)ashow
207 42 gm
-0.08381 0.(were among those that best survived the chaotic, post-deregulation period.)ashow
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-0.05021 0.( )ashow
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-0.08396 0.(  As the Internet)ashow
219 42 gm
-0.15032 0.(moves into the era of commercialization and privatization the experience of such companies  may)ashow
231 42 gm
-0.10910 0.(be relevant, and the model of the Full Service Provider may have the best chance of  long-term)ashow
243 42 gm
-0.07656 0.(viability.  However, a closer examination shows that this model will probably )ashow
255 42 gm
-0.10223 0.(not prove to be an effective  one to emulate for most regionals. )ashow
279 42 gm
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291 42 gm
2.90740 0. 32 0.29074 0.(1.  The Full Service Not-For-Profit Provider \(FSP\) Analyzed)awidthshow
315 42 gm
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-0.07875 0.(As indicated above, the Full Service Provider model has been assumed by for-profit and  not-for-)ashow
327 42 gm
-0.12292 0.(profit entities. The crucial differences between the two patterns are:)ashow
351 78 gm
(1\))show
351 96 gm
-0.07513 0.(in the degree of cross-subsidization of revenues from one)ashow
363 96 gm
-0.11515 0.(product line to another or from one output public to another;)ashow
375 78 gm
(2\))show
375 96 gm
-0.13789 0.(the nature of the marketing effort; and)ashow
387 78 gm
(3\))show
387 96 gm
-0.06048 0.(the publics to be "satisfied".)ashow
411 42 gm
-0.06314 0.(Because of its public support, the not-for-profit FSP feels more of a responsibility than would the)ashow
423 42 gm
-0.11099 0.(for-profit to meet the challenges of universal service and equitable access, and thus a greater)ashow
435 42 gm
-0.12179 0.(incentive to attempt to subsidize publics who would not ordinarily be served in a competitive)ashow
447 42 gm
-0.06156 0.(market.   The not-for-profit has a great incentive to  please its  sponsors who  provide subsidies or)ashow
459 42 gm
-0.09915 0.(pay directly for the offering of certain services and thus can tend to  downplay the needs of its real )ashow
471 42 gm
-0.05679 0.(end-users. By contrast, the for-profit must market to and be responsive to the needs of  the)ashow
483 42 gm
-0.08767 0.(purchaser of its services.  The for-profit will market to the commercial sector,   while the not-for-)ashow
495 42 gm
-0.11051 0.(profit  tends to market to more limited groups, like academe and the research community,  )ashow
507 42 gm
-0.04197 0.(consistent with its non-profit mission. )ashow
519 42 gm
( )show
531 42 gm
-0.09219 0.(Although a not-for-profit FSP is well-suited to meeting most of the networking challenges we have)ashow
543 42 gm
-0.15144 0.(articulated, the self-imposed limitations on its potential market call its ultimate survival into)ashow
555 42 gm
-0.10144 0.(question.  A crucial characteristic of the successful FSP  is that it enjoys major economies of scale)ashow
567 42 gm
-0.09973 0.(because it sells  to a large geographic region.  The decreasing cost per connection of NOC services)ashow
579 42 gm
-0.07186 0.(as scale increases, as well as the substantial decreases in  cost for bandwidth as larger bandwidths)ashow
591 42 gm
-0.11634 0.(are leased, render success dependent on attracting  as large a clientele as possible to any particular)ashow
603 42 gm
-0.12207 0.(service.  By imposing severe limitations on the customers it will accept and catering primarily to)ashow
618 42 gm
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-0.03555 0.(In  Bleeke's article , \(cf. footnote 2\), the experiences of U.S. companies after deregulation was analyzed. )ashow
647 42 gm
-0.05679 0.(Among the four distinct types of companies which were able to survive and prosper are found:,"broad-based)ashow
659 42 gm
-0.06216 0.(distribution companies that offer a wide range of products and services over an extensive geographic area ;")ashow
687 42 gm
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0.06362 0. 32 0.00636 0.(Future of Mid-Level Networks)awidthshow
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-0.10198 0.(the research and education community, the not-for-profit FSP fails to realize its economies of)ashow
62 42 gm
-0.08793 0.(scale.  It will therefore be compelled to charge higher prices or seek subsidies in a world where)ashow
74 42 gm
-0.11016 0.(subsidies are evermore unreliable, and will find it harder to compete with a national for-profit)ashow
89 42 gm
-0.09692 0.(entity.)ashow
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-0.10557 0.( This inability to compete with the for-profit is further exacerbated by the tendency of the)ashow
101 42 gm
-0.09205 0.(not-for-profit FSP to engage in cross-subsidization if it is to realize its own charitable and/or)ashow
113 42 gm
-0.13139 0.(educational goals.  While the not-for-profit can always enlarge its potential market by attempting to)ashow
125 42 gm
-0.10301 0.(sell  competitively to the commercial market, this would cast its not-for-profit status into doubt. )ashow
137 42 gm
-0.08207 0.(Alternatively, the not-for-profit can spin-off a for-profit subsidiary to provide network operations)ashow
149 42 gm
-0.08032 0.(services.In this case the parent not-for-profit would no longer directly provide an operations)ashow
161 42 gm
-0.05740 0.(service, except through its for-profit subsidiary.This act would change the non-profit FSP into a)ashow
173 42 gm
-0.12628 0.(different entity, more closely related to the"Marketmaker" we discuss in the next chapter than the)ashow
185 42 gm
-0.06909 0.(true full service provider.  )ashow
209 42 gm
-0.06329 0.(Despite our assertion that the not-for-profit FSP's are probably not viable in the long run, they can)ashow
221 42 gm
-0.15864 0.(certainly play a role in the intermediate term.  ANS with its large initial capitalization of $10 million)ashow
233 42 gm
-0.11840 0.(dollars  has the potential to be an active player for a long time.  The crucial questions  are not)ashow
245 42 gm
-0.09407 0.(whether it is viable or not, but  for how long it will refrain from providing purely commercial)ashow
257 42 gm
-0.06877 0.(services and how it will restructure itself when it decides to do so.   )ashow
281 42 gm
-0.07330 0.(In addition to the question of how well the FSP model meets networking challenges, we must look)ashow
293 42 gm
-0.07827 0.(at how likely it is for a current regional to become an FSP.  For the most part the chances for such )ashow
305 42 gm
-0.11888 0.(evolution are not good.  Despite the example of ANS, it is exceedingly unlikely that an additional)ashow
317 42 gm
-0.12298 0.(consortium can be put together to provide the large amounts of capital necessary to become a not-)ashow
329 42 gm
-0.06390 0.(for-profit FSP.  IBM and MCI have had a strong relationship with MERIT, in the running of the)ashow
341 42 gm
-0.07592 0.(NSFNet backbone.  But there do not currently appear to be any other "sugardaddies" waiting in the)ashow
353 42 gm
-0.05030 0.(wings to  fund not-for-profit  networking undertakings. The major other possible  underwriters of)ashow
365 42 gm
-0.08891 0.(such ventures, AT&T , the RBOCs or another major computer vendor do not seem to be interested)ashow
377 42 gm
-0.08357 0.(in funding "charitable" forays into the networking arena.)ashow
413 42 gm
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2.78060 0. 32 0.27806 0.(2.  The For-Profit Full Service Provider Analyzed.)awidthshow
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-0.05860 0.(The for-profit FSP is less suited to fulfilling the network missions of the 1990s.  Motivated by)ashow
449 42 gm
-0.07925 0.(profit, it is much less likely to respond to  major policy challenges, such as universal service and)ashow
461 42 gm
-0.11572 0.(equitable access. Similarly its commitment to interconnections with other networks, like the)ashow
473 42 gm
-0.04879 0.(regionals whom it  views as competitors, is questionable.    )ashow
497 42 gm
-0.07460 0.(Although the for-profit FSP model offers the opportunity of securing funds through either the)ashow
509 42 gm
-0.14457 0.(Venture Capital Market or by partnering with an established commercial entity such as DEC or)ashow
521 42 gm
-0.11271 0.(ATT, it is also not a likely route for a regional to travel.  The current players in the regional)ashow
533 42 gm
-0.06959 0.(networks are, for the most part, not interested in running a for-profit entity nor do they have any)ashow
545 42 gm
-0.10694 0.(special talents to do so.  The contradiction between the goals of  a for-profit entity and the current)ashow
557 42 gm
-0.06063 0.(goals of the regionals make the spinning off of new for-profit FSPs by established regionals)ashow
569 42 gm
-0.06387 0.(appear improbable. The case of the NYSERNet spin-off of PSI is to be viewed as an exception,)ashow
581 42 gm
-0.10536 0.(rather than a model for regionals development.  Among the key players in NYSERNet were several)ashow
593 42 gm
-0.11857 0.(who had a longstanding and deep commitment to create a private networking entity, free from the)ashow
605 42 gm
-0.04685 0.(restraints imposed by  non-profit structures, such as unwieldy Boards of Directors.  There do not)ashow
629 42 gm
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0.18554 0. 32 0.01855 0.(The NSF decision to terminate support for JVNC, even after an initial investment of $50 million, argues)awidthshow
659 42 gm
-0.04859 0.(very persuasively that we cannot take continued subsidization for granted.)ashow
687 42 gm
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0.06362 0. 32 0.00636 0.(Future of Mid-Level Networks)awidthshow
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-0.08692 0.(appear to be any other such groups in the not-for-profit segment of the regional networking)ashow
62 42 gm
-0.08811 0.(community today.)ashow
86 42 gm
-0.09742 0.(Although it is unlikely that any of the remaining not-for-profit regionals will evolve into an FSP,)ashow
98 42 gm
-0.09272 0.(there are potential candidates from the for-profit sector. The most likely of these is CERFNet. )ashow
110 42 gm
-0.09011 0.(CERFNet is a networking project of  GA Atomics, the for-profit operator of the San Diego)ashow
122 42 gm
-0.08326 0.(Supercomputing Center. Thus CERFNet is already part of a for-profit entity and can consider)ashow
134 42 gm
-0.06469 0.(evolving into a for-profit FSP, provided that its parent organization has the will to do so.)ashow
146 42 gm
-0.04008 0.(CERFNet's expansion into the Bay Area, its high quality response to the CICNET RFP for)ashow
158 42 gm
-0.10372 0.(Network Operations Services and its interest in being included as a potential bidder in  Networking)ashow
170 42 gm
-0.07289 0.(Operations RFP's issued by other regionals, indicates that it is interested in expanding. Other likely)ashow
182 42 gm
-0.04174 0.(candidates for for-profit FSP's are BBN\320 which operates NEARNet, Infocom, the commercial)ashow
194 42 gm
-0.06542 0.(network operator partially owned by MCI, the Japanese and some of the European PTTs, which)ashow
206 42 gm
-0.06735 0.(operates some of the Army's supercomputer installations, or some new entry coming from the)ashow
218 42 gm
-0.09042 0.(world of the  RBOCs or other commercial Telcos. )ashow
242 42 gm
-0.10000 0.(Having discarded the Limited Network Model and its cousin the Low Coast operator as well as the )ashow
254 42 gm
-0.07435 0.(Full Service Provider  model for most of the regionals,  we are left with one last model.  This is the)ashow
266 42 gm
-0.08734 0.(model pioneered by NYSERNet and to which some of the other regionals such as NEARNet or)ashow
278 42 gm
-0.09771 0.(PREPNet are evolving  --The Marketmaker. )ashow
687 42 gm
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0.06362 0. 32 0.00636 0.(Future of Mid-Level Networks)awidthshow
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1.47418 0.(IV.)ashow
53 78 gm
2.58666 0. 32 0.25866 0.(The Regional Network as Market Maker:  A New Model)awidthshow
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2.17849 0. 32 0.21784 0.(A.  The Contemporary Landscape)awidthshow
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2.37442 0. 32 0.23744 0.(1.  The Role of the Regionals in Operations Is Challenged)awidthshow
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-0.12048 0.(The regional networks are currently being challenged in different market  segments by private or)ashow
161 42 gm
-0.06072 0.(quasi-private operating companies such as PSI or ANS, which can provide reliability, consistency,)ashow
173 42 gm
-0.10441 0.(24-hour a day Network Operating Centers,  customer orientation and other communication benefits)ashow
185 42 gm
-0.01393 0.(desired by the user.  )ashow
209 42 gm
-0.05935 0.(However, so far, the number of "privates" is too small to promise the kind of real competition, )ashow
221 42 gm
-0.13764 0.(and the resultant pricing  and quality of service which would characterize a truly competitive)ashow
233 42 gm
-0.11216 0.(market.  Nor does the emergence of the new "privates" guarantee the research and academic)ashow
245 42 gm
-0.09410 0.(network user that a monopoly situation has been avoided.  Ironically, it is likely that as markets are)ashow
257 42 gm
-0.10786 0.(developed, a broad-based telecommunications firm, such as AT&T or Sprint may decide to enter)ashow
269 42 gm
-0.03781 0.(the market.)ashow
0 -2 rm
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( )show
293 42 gm
-0.07530 0.(Given that IBM-MCI has spun-off an independent non-profit ANS, which is currently making its)ashow
305 42 gm
-0.09136 0.(way into the market with strong IBM-MCI support, it is highly probable that within three years one)ashow
317 42 gm
-0.06632 0.(of two developments will occur: \(1\) ANS will establish a for-profit subsidiary, or \(2\) IBM and)ashow
329 42 gm
-0.11120 0.(MCI,  an alliance of giants, may decide to enter the market themselves)ashow
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-0.10346 0.(2)ashow
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-0.13796 0.(  )ashow
353 42 gm
-0.12153 0.(The smaller privates, like PSI and Alternet may not have the economies of scale which make)ashow
365 42 gm
-0.09677 0.(flexibility in pricing possible. Hence, they could find themselves unable to compete with one or)ashow
377 42 gm
-0.07507 0.(two big companies, short of recruiting backers with very deep pockets.  It is also unlikely that they)ashow
389 42 gm
-0.13110 0.(will be able to deliver significantly better quality than the giants.  Even if they could provide better)ashow
401 42 gm
-0.10403 0.(quality, it would be a hard sell to convince the market that this was the case.  All told, the smaller)ashow
413 42 gm
-0.07212 0.(privates could easily be driven out of business, unless they penetrate specific focused markets, and)ashow
425 42 gm
-0.09155 0.(contrast themselves sharply with the bigger firms in their own market niche.)ashow
437 42 gm
( )show
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2.38433 0. 32 0.23843 0.(2.  The Academic and Research Communities As Potential Losers)awidthshow
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-0.10249 0.(When the dust settles, and the entrants to the high-speed telecommunications network have  fought)ashow
485 42 gm
-0.10838 0.(their battles and the survivors emerge, it is all too possible that the general market, including the)ashow
497 42 gm
-0.11132 0.(research and academic communities,  may find itself facing one or two large suppliers firmly in)ashow
521 42 gm
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-0.00804 0.(Digital Equipment has recently become a potential player as well. Kodak has outsourced its)ashow
554 42 gm
0.06042 0. 32 0.00604 0.(telecommunications to Digital.  Always a major player in the production of  network hardware, DEC is now)awidthshow
566 42 gm
-0.06332 0.(becoming an experienced operator of external networks, and in partnership with an independent telephone company)ashow
578 42 gm
-0.08290 0.(could be a contender in the race.)ashow
597 78 gm
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-0.01858 0.(An ANS spin-off, with IBM-MCI behind it, or an IBM-MCI division, would be capable of offering the)ashow
611 42 gm
-0.00157 0.(general market a highly integrated turn-key network service.  Working with the Fortune 1000, ANS or IBM-MCI)ashow
623 42 gm
0.14434 0. 32 0.01443 0.(could also obtain high fees and high prices.  A small company, like AlterNet, might be able to survive by marketing)awidthshow
635 42 gm
0.06164 0. 32 0.00616 0.(to smaller firms which boast a reasonable level of skills in such areas as telecommunications and programming. )awidthshow
647 42 gm
-0.03477 0.(These firms, particularly in the software and other high technology areas, could be offered "no frills" services art)ashow
659 42 gm
-0.00685 0.(prices significantly lower than those offered by the giants.)ashow
687 42 gm
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0.06362 0. 32 0.00636 0.(Future of Mid-Level Networks)awidthshow
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-0.23664 0.(Page  45)ashow
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-0.06660 0.(control.)ashow
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-0.07188 0.( The regional networking community is thus confronting a dilemma.   Short term, the)ashow
63 42 gm
-0.09893 0.(regionals may find themselves driven from the operating role by the appearance of "privates".  But)ashow
75 42 gm
-0.10943 0.(the very privates which drive the regionals out of the business may themselves become the victims)ashow
87 42 gm
-0.09361 0.(of a large operator.   As a result, services which have been provided to the academic and research)ashow
99 42 gm
-0.11705 0.(communities to date by the regionals,  but which are unprofitable or unattractive to the large for-)ashow
111 42 gm
-0.04449 0.(profits, may be lost entirely.)ashow
135 42 gm
-0.11068 0.(The regionals are at a critical juncture.  They must look to fulfill their missions and goals  with)ashow
147 42 gm
-0.10108 0.(great sensitivity and long term vision.  By looking to fulfill their goals with great creativity,  the)ashow
159 42 gm
-0.11383 0.(regionals can accomplish  them, and simultaneously create for themselves a future far more)ashow
171 42 gm
-0.09710 0.(exciting than the present.  )ashow
207 42 gm
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380.99780 ul
2.43927 0. 32 0.24392 0.(B.  The Marketmaker Model Exploits the Regionals' Key Strengths)awidthshow
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-0.07402 0.(The regionals face a two-fold threat,  as their position in operating transport weakens.  First is the)ashow
243 42 gm
-0.08825 0.(danger outlined above, the loss of specialized service for the research community.  Second is the)ashow
255 42 gm
-0.08592 0.(loss of a raison d'etre for themselves.  But a close examination of telecommunications markets)ashow
267 42 gm
-0.06665 0.(today, and other markets in similar states of flux,)ashow
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-0.06779 0.(strongly suggests that these threats can  easily be)ashow
279 42 gm
-0.06507 0.(converted to new opportunities.)ashow
315 42 gm
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1.91619 0. 32 0.19161 0.(1.  The Marketmaker Model Applied)awidthshow
339 42 gm
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-0.08740 0.(We find that these opportunities are best represented by our fourth model of regional networking, )ashow
351 42 gm
-0.11204 0.(the Marketmaker.  In the context of viewing the regionals as the representatives of the research and)ashow
363 42 gm
-0.11497 0.(academic communities, the Marketmaker's primary functions are:)ashow
387 77 gm
( \(1\) )show
387 114 gm
-0.08059 0.(to see that conditions flourish which encourage competitive sources of supply,)ashow
399 77 gm
( \(2\)  )show
399 114 gm
-0.13607 0.(to protect the interests of the academic and research communities in the high-speed)ashow
411 114 gm
-0.13793 0.(telecommunications market,  and )ashow
423 77 gm
( \(3\)  )show
423 114 gm
-0.08129 0.(to stimulate demand for network services.)ashow
447 42 gm
-0.06413 0.(The Marketmaker  also has secondary functions which are discussed below.)ashow
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2.92053 0. 32 0.29205 0.(2.  Stimulating Competitive Sources of Supply)awidthshow
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-0.07641 0.(A key task of the regionals, having shed their operating functions, would be to ensure that the)ashow
519 42 gm
-0.12149 0.("cutting edge" of the networking market - the research community - has at least one reliable source)ashow
531 42 gm
-0.07250 0.(of supply, and preferably, that there is a competitive market in network service provision.  In)ashow
543 42 gm
-0.05941 0.(short, the regionals should be searching for ways  to stimulate competitive sources of supply.)ashow
555 42 gm
(  )show
567 42 gm
-0.12792 0.(The regionals can accomplish this seemingly overwhelming task by functioning as amalgamated)ashow
579 42 gm
-0.02314 0.(structures with effective buying power, that is, by acting as buying co-ops.  As we have shown,)ashow
602 42 gm
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-0.01739 0.( Bleeke, \(op. cit., III-2\) reports that in newly de-regulated markets ---- similar to ours because a new)ashow
635 42 gm
-0.00929 0.(market is opening up---a "shared entity" has been  one of the few successful models for staying in business during)ashow
647 42 gm
0.05187 0. 32 0.00518 0.(the shake-out period.  The "shared utility", as Bleeke calls it, looks for its niche to the needs of smaller , individual)awidthshow
659 42 gm
-0.01084 0.(companies for services which they cannot obtain alone.)ashow
687 42 gm
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0.06362 0. 32 0.00636 0.(Future of Mid-Level Networks)awidthshow
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-0.23664 0.(Page  46)ashow
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-0.08612 0.(geography is irrelevant to high speed telecommunications.   Thus, it is no longer of any interest to)ashow
62 42 gm
-0.12713 0.(a regional or national  operations provider that a particular second-tier network is located in the)ashow
74 42 gm
0.12084 0. 32 0.01208 0.(northeast, southwest or both.)awidthshow
98 42 gm
-0.08905 0.(The barrier to entry into the business of networking is the initial Network Operations Center.  If a)ashow
110 42 gm
-0.09048 0.(firm can obtain the business of one or more regionals for a guaranteed time period, the new)ashow
122 42 gm
-0.10269 0.(business gains sufficient economy of scale to allow it to launch operations on a competitive scale. )ashow
134 42 gm
-0.06468 0.(Thus, for example, PSI came into existence with the stroke of a pen, as NYSERNet guaranteed)ashow
146 42 gm
-0.06123 0.(PSI its business.  The same guarantees by a campus network, even as large as that of Michigan or)ashow
158 42 gm
-0.08430 0.(NYU, would not have accomplished the same task.  The potential for regionals to sign contracts)ashow
170 42 gm
-0.05331 0.(with new entrants regardless of geography  similarly encourages new businesses to offer services,)ashow
182 42 gm
-0.11918 0.(by providing the newcomer potential economies of scale without attention to its location.  Any )ashow
194 42 gm
-0.10824 0.(provider of commercial operations is able to sell to any part of the country .  If the Modified Final)ashow
206 42 gm
-0.11897 0.(Judgement related to the divestiture of AT&T)ashow
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-0.10711 0.(4)ashow
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-0.12033 0.(  were to be changed to allow the RBOCs to offer)ashow
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-0.05560 0.(network services, any RBOC could sell to any regional.  \(Several paragraphs below discuss this)ashow
230 42 gm
0.05644 0.(point.\))ashow
266 42 gm
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2.66387 0. 32 0.26638 0.(3.  Maintaining Competitive Pricing)awidthshow
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-0.08656 0.(While geography is not of importance to network operations providers, economies of scale are of)ashow
302 42 gm
-0.11903 0.(great interest. The provider characteristically will benefit from selling to a large buyer, and will)ashow
314 42 gm
-0.08274 0.(respond with discounts.   For example, the National Telecommunications Network significantly)ashow
326 42 gm
-0.07595 0.(discounted its pricing to NYSERNet for the National Networking Testbed \(NNT\). The regionals)ashow
338 42 gm
-0.10650 0.(can buy network services from any provider and can therefore  play  and negotiate pricing in the)ashow
350 42 gm
-0.09089 0.(national marketplace.   Third tier networks\320campuses \320 cannot have this sort of impact on prices. )ashow
362 42 gm
-0.05206 0.(By buying and selling as "buying cooperatives" \320 groupings of 3rd tier networks\320the regionals, as)ashow
374 42 gm
-0.10824 0.(Marketmaker, can create pressures for competitive pricing.)ashow
410 42 gm
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2.31491 0. 32 0.23149 0.(4.  Protecting the Interests of the Research and Academic Communities:  Serving)awidthshow
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1.99829 0. 32 0.19982 0.(As A General Contractor)awidthshow
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-0.12988 0.(Where competitive sources of supply are available, the Marketmaker may serve as a general)ashow
458 42 gm
-0.09603 0.(contractor.  As a general contractor, the Marketmaker would select the provider of network service,)ashow
470 42 gm
-0.10839 0.(and supervise and coordinate implementation. Specifically, this could involve functions like)ashow
482 42 gm
-0.04612 0.(designing RFPs, evaluating responses, and ascertaining whether or not  the network is being )ashow
494 42 gm
-0.10418 0.(delivered as promised.  In addition, as general contractor  the Marketmaker  would play a major)ashow
506 42 gm
-0.07789 0.(role in quality assurance.)ashow
518 42 gm
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-0.06105 0.(a.  )ashow
4 fs
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-0.09130 0.(Providing Quality Assurance)ashow
554 42 gm
0 fs
-0.07714 0.(Quality assurance is a complex factor in networking.  Upon connecting to a TCP/IP network, the)ashow
566 42 gm
-0.09927 0.(customer is purchasing a complicated service.  Many purchasers of the service do not have the)ashow
578 42 gm
-0.08120 0.(technical resources, know-how and experience to diagnose their problems.  While ensuring that)ashow
590 42 gm
-0.07159 0.(competing sources of supply exist is an indirect way of providing for quality assurance, the)ashow
602 42 gm
-0.07897 0.(regionals would serve a useful function by actually providing quality assurance.  The regionals, via)ashow
626 42 gm
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0.08651 0. 32 0.00865 0.( For a discussion of the Modified Final Judgement and the breakup of the Bell System, see Steve Coll,)awidthshow
659 42 gm
-0.01171 0.(The Deal of a Century \(New York,NY Atheneum, 1986\))ashow
687 42 gm
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0.06362 0. 32 0.00636 0.(Future of Mid-Level Networks)awidthshow
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-0.23664 0.(Page  47)ashow
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-0.10093 0.(a Network  Technical Committee, would become the primary party responsible for assuring quality)ashow
62 42 gm
-0.08114 0.(of performance, including end-to-end and end-to-internet reliability, data rates, response times, and)ashow
74 42 gm
-0.09008 0.(prompt notification of service disruptions.  Given the importance of this area, the regionals could)ashow
86 42 gm
-0.12725 0.(take the lead in pioneering new approaches to quality assurance in educational and research)ashow
98 42 gm
-0.08616 0.(networking.  In addition to trouble shooting, staff of the regionals could implement periodic audits)ashow
110 42 gm
-0.06454 0.(or reviews which could evolve into standards for customer service.)ashow
134 42 gm
-0.07015 0.(b.  )ashow
4 fs
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-0.09425 0.(Evolving To Interoperability and Promoting the  Testing and Enforcement of Standards )ashow
158 42 gm
0 fs
-0.08903 0.(Currently, in spite of denials, neither PSI nor Alternet strive to interoperate, very likely because)ashow
170 42 gm
-0.06922 0.(they would like to hold on to customers through the offering of proprietary services.  In other)ashow
182 42 gm
-0.07794 0.(segments of the telecommunications industry, user groups have joined forces to design and)ashow
194 42 gm
-0.07588 0.(develop their own sets of service standards.  In high-speed telecommunications markets, the)ashow
206 42 gm
-0.09706 0.(regionals represent the academic and research user,  and could band together as an umbrella users-)ashow
218 42 gm
-0.05061 0.(group, perhaps within the  FARNET structure, to promote service standards, including)ashow
230 42 gm
-0.10745 0.(interoperability,  and via the Quality Assurance role, to enforce them.)ashow
254 42 gm
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2.45391 0. 32 0.24539 0.(5.  Stimulating New Demand and Increasing Existing Demand)awidthshow
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-0.09700 0.(The mission of the regionals requires that they spread the word about networking and educate)ashow
290 42 gm
-0.07197 0.(broader markets about the advantages of networking.  This role has many facets, and we will)ashow
302 42 gm
-0.11433 0.(mention each briefly.)ashow
326 42 gm
-0.05781 0.(a.  )ashow
4 fs
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-0.08676 0.(Lobbying/Public Relations)ashow
350 42 gm
0 fs
-0.09217 0.(This is the most general form of marketing, and involves lobbying and testifying before state and)ashow
362 42 gm
-0.13847 0.(federal executive, legislative and administrative agencies to obtain legislation, regulation and)ashow
374 42 gm
-0.10688 0.(implementation favorable to the cause of networking.  It also involves the more minor role of)ashow
386 42 gm
-0.13247 0.(keeping in touch with the media and informing and educating the media about the principles of)ashow
398 42 gm
-0.07933 0.(networking as well as events taking place.)ashow
422 42 gm
-0.14941 0.(The policy areas in which the Marketmaker would very likely be active include:)ashow
434 42 gm
( )show
446 77 gm
-0.05894 0.(\(1\) the extent of federal support of the NREN and second tier networks, )ashow
458 77 gm
-0.10588 0.(\(2\) commercialization of networking,  )ashow
470 77 gm
-0.07765 0.(\(3\) increasing the number and types of firms which can enter the market.  \(As was noted      )ashow
482 94 gm
-0.08682 0.(above the RBOCs could enter the market  if the MFJ was revised\). )ashow
506 41 gm
-0.05487 0.(b. )ashow
4 fs
268.16574 ul
-0.07173 0.(Market Research, Strategic Planning and Grantsmanship)ashow
530 41 gm
0 fs
-0.08030 0.(The regionals should be in the forefront of research which assesses and discovers potential demand)ashow
542 41 gm
-0.05618 0.(for networking in new areas, educational, industrial and consumer.  Similarly, the regionals should)ashow
554 41 gm
-0.09298 0.(be in the forefront of disseminating research which identifies new networking approaches and)ashow
566 41 gm
-0.08871 0.(technologies.  They ought also to maintain a front-line position in strategic planning, to assess the)ashow
578 41 gm
-0.10919 0.(new technologies which will be available in five years, and to identify applications and markets for)ashow
590 41 gm
-0.06845 0.(these technologies.   Beyond market research and grantsmanship, the regional networks would)ashow
602 41 gm
-0.11396 0.(continue to apply to the state and federal government agencies for funding which will further)ashow
614 41 gm
-0.06527 0.(national networking goals.)ashow
687 42 gm
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2.89642 0. 32 0.28964 0.(6.  Engaging in Secondary Functions - Good Business)awidthshow
74 41 gm
0 fs
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-0.10476 0.(This section starts off with the premise that while the Regionals are not for-profit entities. There are)ashow
86 41 gm
-0.09681 0.(areas in which the  mission of the Regionals suggests that these entities should provide certain)ashow
98 41 gm
-0.05484 0.(functions as a business.  These are areas in which the Regionals have unique strengths, )ashow
4 fs
17.12683 ul
-0.06645 0.(and)ashow
0 fs
-0.07095 0.( in)ashow
110 41 gm
-0.08401 0.(which gaps exist in the services provided by the for-profit market.   In particular this would include)ashow
122 41 gm
-0.10504 0.(any area in which the regionals can best provide the services necessary to increase demand for)ashow
134 41 gm
-0.08821 0.(networking--- a stated mission of the Regionals.  Where these conditions coincide, we feel that it is)ashow
146 41 gm
-0.03971 0.(reasonable, and perhaps even necessary, for the Regionals to take on business functions. )ashow
170 41 gm
-0.05279 0.(a.  )ashow
4 fs
159.88633 ul
-0.07716 0.(Marketing As  a Business Service)ashow
194 41 gm
0 fs
-0.11149 0.(If we look at the Marketmaker as a business, we note that the regional actually has a built-in but)ashow
206 41 gm
-0.10661 0.(somewhat underdeveloped capability- that of marketing.  Whereas the transport of information has)ashow
218 41 gm
-0.08239 0.(no geographic constraints, and firms do not have serious advantages as a result of their location in)ashow
230 41 gm
-0.08160 0.(one part of the US or another, successful marketing and successful customer service are affected)ashow
242 41 gm
-0.10752 0.(by regional and local factors.  The Regional knows the research, academic and educational)ashow
254 41 gm
-0.07077 0.(communities in its region, i.e., the  regional markets, far better than the privates or quasi-privates)ashow
266 41 gm
-0.10797 0.(can hope to as they begin complex operations in multi-segment markets. )ashow
290 41 gm
-0.11135 0.(The role of the regionals in marketing network services must be clearly defined and delimited.  In)ashow
302 41 gm
-0.11657 0.(order to maintain the freedom to stimulate competitive sources of supply, and to negotiate for)ashow
314 41 gm
-0.13046 0.(favorable pricing, the Marketmaker cannot tie itself to a specific supplier by becoming an agent of)ashow
326 41 gm
-0.11289 0.(that supplier.  But the Marketmaker is in an excellent position to market the concept of networking.)ashow
338 41 gm
-0.08903 0.(The regionals as Marketmaker would market network services to hospitals, undergraduate colleges,)ashow
350 41 gm
-0.06382 0.(community colleges, high schools and the like, and sign them on as members.  The network)ashow
362 41 gm
-0.08276 0.(operations service providers selected for the different regions or niches across the country  would)ashow
374 41 gm
-0.12315 0.(have reason to offer incentive pricing to the Marketmaker , because of direct benefits accrued from)ashow
386 41 gm
-0.05668 0.(dealing with a  large co\320op.  In addition, the providers would have good reason to award grants or)ashow
398 41 gm
-0.10902 0.(membership fees to the Marketmaker, in order  to support the marketing of the concept of)ashow
410 41 gm
-0.09429 0.(networking, certainly an activity which benefits them.  The operations provider would benefit from)ashow
422 41 gm
-0.07614 0.(the sale of a large chunk of bandwidth, from all of the advantages of dealing with one vs. many)ashow
434 41 gm
-0.11506 0.(points of contact, and the advantage of receiving complaints  which have been aggregated and)ashow
446 41 gm
-0.11540 0.(filtered.  These benefits to  provider could be reflected either as a direct discount to members of the)ashow
458 41 gm
-0.08082 0.(respective regionals, or as a fee,  paid by the provider to the Marketmaker, for each network)ashow
470 41 gm
-0.06971 0.(member signing on for the provider's services.  If the regionals adopted a leadership role in quality)ashow
482 41 gm
-0.07679 0.(assurance, they could obtain additional discounts and/or fees as payment for this service.)ashow
494 41 gm
( )show
506 41 gm
-0.03713 0.(b.  )ashow
4 fs
178.14785 ul
-0.05567 0.(Development of New Business Areas)ashow
530 41 gm
0 fs
-0.12214 0.(There are several areas of the information technology business which are not currently attractive to)ashow
542 41 gm
-0.11238 0.(the commercial sector, and which the regionals are naturally suited to enter, because of their)ashow
554 41 gm
-0.09429 0.(technical expertise and their knowledge of the market.  \(These business areas are identified below.\) )ashow
566 41 gm
-0.09391 0.(While there is no reason why the regionals should NOT enter these markets, there are two different)ashow
578 41 gm
-0.09182 0.(motivations for entering them, leading to different approaches.  )ashow
602 41 gm
-0.09837 0.(The first motivation  is that of achieving the national networking mission, that is, the desire to)ashow
614 41 gm
-0.08489 0.(expand  networking  in all possible directions.   This motivation suggests  that the regionals)ashow
626 41 gm
-0.10823 0.(develop these new businesses only until they are profitable and commercially viable, and then look)ashow
638 41 gm
-0.09298 0.(to privatize them.  Implementation of this idea could take many forms.  In the case of NYSERNet,)ashow
650 41 gm
-0.12077 0.(there were individuals within the regional networking organization who were committed to)ashow
687 42 gm
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0.06362 0. 32 0.00636 0.(Future of Mid-Level Networks)awidthshow
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2 fs
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-0.23664 0.(Page  49)ashow
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-0.10379 0.(privatization, and who took the risk of actually investing in privatizing the network operations)ashow
62 41 gm
-0.10183 0.(service themselves.  Developers of a new product or service may wish to take it to the private)ashow
74 41 gm
-0.08671 0.(market themselves,  just as the developers of certain NCSA software  went out and established a)ashow
86 41 gm
-0.03036 0.(private company, Spyglass Inc, to market the software.  )ashow
1 fs
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0 fs
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-0.03030 0.(Barring this, regionals could look for)ashow
98 41 gm
-0.11161 0.(investors outside the immediate community of the regionals. )ashow
122 41 gm
-0.09135 0.(The second motivation is the need to raise funds for the regionals key functions.  This motivation)ashow
134 41 gm
-0.06770 0.(suggests that the regionals should  incorporate these businesses, marketing the new  services and)ashow
146 41 gm
-0.09069 0.(collecting fees for them, and realization of the two goals can dovetail one another. NYSERNet, for)ashow
158 41 gm
-0.08474 0.(example, has retained an equity interest in PSI  for the express purpose of creating an endowment)ashow
170 41 gm
-0.07513 0.(fund to support its primary goals and activities.)ashow
194 41 gm
-0.08291 0.(i . Aggregating Non-Commercial Information Services.)ashow
218 41 gm
-0.10322 0.(Universities  have  large, untapped databases of information submerged in departmental and other)ashow
230 41 gm
-0.08361 0.(files.  IBM and Sears have spent more than $500 million to put the Prodigy package together, an)ashow
242 41 gm
-0.11123 0.(offering of more than 400 electronic data services  - in this case delivered to consumers in their)ashow
254 41 gm
-0.08557 0.(homes, over standard telephone lines.)ashow
0 -2 rm
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-0.07888 0.(5)ashow
0 2 rm
12 fz
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-0.08312 0.(   There are similar opportunities for collecting the hundreds)ashow
266 41 gm
-0.11865 0.(of data bases available in the universities and research centers and presenting the data in the form of)ashow
278 41 gm
-0.08161 0.(a single service - a product these types of institutions might subscribe to, whereas they could never)ashow
290 41 gm
-0.07423 0.(access or afford to access one data base alone.  Since this is a task which is difficult for non-)ashow
302 41 gm
-0.12425 0.(specialized organizations to accomplish,  but is relatively routine for a specialized organization,  the)ashow
314 41 gm
-0.13917 0.(role of the Marketmaker here might be \(1\) to undertake to execute the functions which it specializes)ashow
326 41 gm
-0.10253 0.(in, namely the  networking portions of the project,  \(2\) to contract  the specialized development of)ashow
338 41 gm
-0.07609 0.(the data bases  to an organization specializing in that area, as NYSERNet has done with UNIPEG.)ashow
350 41 gm
0.33004 0. 32 0.03300 0.(\(see section II.B.1.d \))awidthshow
362 41 gm
( )show
374 41 gm
-0.11833 0.(There is also a potential new business for the Regionals in the area of state economic development)ashow
386 41 gm
-0.08358 0.(data bases.  These are data bases constructed for tracking commerce and industry, and include such)ashow
398 41 gm
-0.11204 0.(information as the largest companies in all counties of the state, the industries most commonly)ashow
410 41 gm
-0.08404 0.(found in the state and the like.  Because of their connections to state government,  which affords)ashow
422 41 gm
-0.12997 0.(the regionals access to economic development data bases, and their expertise in manipulating data)ashow
434 41 gm
-0.10055 0.(bases, the Regionals are uniquely suited to offering  the additional service of locating and brokering)ashow
446 41 gm
-0.07716 0.(information-sharing partnerships, as well as the more mundane role of giving broad sections of the)ashow
458 41 gm
-0.12081 0.(community access to these economic development data bases.)ashow
482 41 gm
-0.10067 0.(ii.  Formal Alpha and Beta-Testing of New Information Technologies)ashow
506 41 gm
-0.11189 0.(Since their birth, the Regionals have been heavily involved in alpha and beta-testing of new)ashow
518 41 gm
-0.02877 0.(networking technologies, such as new router technology, new protocols and new software. )ashow
530 41 gm
-0.08538 0.(Actually, since the regionals were the first networks, and since all technologies were new and first)ashow
542 41 gm
-0.10127 0.(deployed at the regionals' operating centers, the regionals de-facto were continual alpha and beta-)ashow
554 41 gm
-0.10171 0.(test sites. The regionals will be the initial test site for the Gigabit Network in the future.  Other)ashow
566 41 gm
-0.08583 0.(information technologies to be tested in the future are knowbots and digital libraries.  However, in)ashow
578 41 gm
-0.06327 0.(the future -e.g., in the case of the Gigabit network - the regionals should move away from the de-)ashow
590 41 gm
-0.05088 0.(facto beta test role, switch paradigms, and set up formal relationships with the providers, ANS,)ashow
602 41 gm
-0.08638 0.(PSI, or any new entrants into the marketplace.  "Formalizing" would involve a clear definition of)ashow
630 41 gm
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645 78 gm
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-0.00648 0.(  Benn R. Konsynski and F. Warren McFarlan, Information Partnerships \320 Shared Data, Shared Scale,)ashow
659 41 gm
0.20874 0. 32 0.02087 0.(Harvard Business Review, Vol 68, No. 5, \(1990\), p.116.)awidthshow
687 42 gm
2 fs
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0.06362 0. 32 0.00636 0.(Future of Mid-Level Networks)awidthshow
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-0.23664 0.(Page  50)ashow
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-0.10418 0.(the relationship between the provider and the regional, a clear statement of the regional's obligations)ashow
62 41 gm
-0.09710 0.(with respect to the test, and a precise schedule of discounts and benefits available to the regional .)ashow
86 41 gm
-0.10734 0.(iii.  Marketing the Concept of Information Sharing)ashow
110 41 gm
-0.09666 0.(As industry is now beginning to understand the critical importance and usefulness of information)ashow
122 41 gm
-0.10812 0.(technology, one area in which information technology can be used hits right at the heart of the)ashow
134 41 gm
-0.03305 0.(success of a business---i.e., the sharing of customer information \(databases\).   One of the most)ashow
146 41 gm
-0.10018 0.(exciting new uses of information technology is the sharing of customer or market data, called "the)ashow
158 41 gm
-0.07946 0.(information partnership."  "Information technology empowers companies to compete, ironically, by )ashow
173 41 gm
-0.06799 0.(allowing them new ways to cooperate.")ashow
10.39993 fz
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-0.06140 0.(6)ashow
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-0.06674 0.( To gain the advantages of working closely with)ashow
185 41 gm
-0.11120 0.(companies in reciprocal industries, US firms are realizing that they need not takeover the desired)ashow
197 41 gm
-0.09753 0.(company, but may actually do better by sharing access to customers.  An example is the way that)ashow
209 41 gm
-0.15147 0.(American Airlines has allied itself with CitiBank:   Frequent Flyer mileage on American is given to)ashow
221 41 gm
-0.03767 0.(users of CitiBank's credit card, on the basis of l mile per dollar spent.)ashow
245 41 gm
-0.12840 0.(As this concept becomes increasingly accepted in the marketplace, the need for industry connection)ashow
257 41 gm
-0.08930 0.(to a high-speed link will grow rapidly.  Already, commercial services are trying to serve this  )ashow
269 42 gm
-0.09071 0.(market.  The regionals have several unique strengths  to contribute to this growing area of)ashow
281 42 gm
0.16738 0.(business.)ashow
305 42 gm
-0.10758 0.(For small companies which cannot afford the expertise and infrastructure needed for information)ashow
317 42 gm
-0.06605 0.(sharing, but would benefit from the service, the Regionals may be the only show in town that is)ashow
329 42 gm
-0.11503 0.(both willing to and capable of bringing information-sharing to these customers at a price they can)ashow
341 42 gm
-0.10618 0.(afford to pay.  Small companies will surely not be able to build their own WANs; participation in)ashow
353 42 gm
-0.12696 0.(the commercial information sharing services is extremely costly.  The Regionals can market the)ashow
365 42 gm
-0.11077 0.(supereconomics of obtaining plug-and-play capacity to a long list of potential small-business)ashow
377 42 gm
-0.07011 0.(information partners across the country.  By connecting to the NREN through the Regionals, the)ashow
389 42 gm
-0.05978 0.(small businesses would avoid both the cost of infrastructure and operating costs.  In addition, the)ashow
401 42 gm
-0.09957 0.(Regionals would serve in the capacity of the "general contractor" described above, providing a)ashow
413 42 gm
-0.01461 0.(panoply of services. )ashow
425 42 gm
( )show
437 41 gm
-0.09436 0.(iv.  A Yellow Pages for Science and Technology)ashow
461 41 gm
-0.11358 0.(There are thousands of talented, expert scientists and technologists scattered among academe and)ashow
473 41 gm
-0.07418 0.(research institutions throughout the United States.  They are unknown to industry, particularly to)ashow
485 41 gm
-0.08143 0.(entrepreneurs in start-up firms, and often are enthusiastic about venturing out into the real world. )ashow
497 41 gm
-0.09805 0.(Creating an electronic Yellow Pages of such persons by field and interests would be a major)ashow
509 41 gm
-0.08219 0.(service to the US economy.  It is also practical.  The State of New York has contracted with)ashow
521 41 gm
-0.11401 0.(NYSERNet to design and create the New York State Technology Database, a project which will)ashow
533 41 gm
-0.08583 0.(identify researchers, their projects, their specialties, and their identifying information. )ashow
557 41 gm
-0.07044 0.(c.  )ashow
4 fs
246.95735 ul
-0.10111 0.(Strategic Alliances:  An Approach to New  Business)ashow
581 41 gm
0 fs
-0.10696 0.(The new business ideas outlined above represent only a small and impressionistically gathered)ashow
593 41 gm
-0.10835 0.(group of potential areas to be tapped by the Regionals.  The crucial point is that the in order to be)ashow
605 41 gm
-0.04223 0.(successful, the Regionals, like firms in any other business sector, must have a focus and an)ashow
617 41 gm
-0.08761 0.(approach.  It is unlikely that any of the Regionals can hope to develop a broad range of "new)ashow
629 41 gm
-0.06393 0.(businesses" on its own.  On the other hand, were the different Regionals to develop expertise in)ashow
642 41 gm
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-0.08795 0.(6)ashow
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-0.05494 0.(  )ashow
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-0.08288 0.( Ibid p. 114)ashow
687 42 gm
2 fs
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0.06362 0. 32 0.00636 0.(Future of Mid-Level Networks)awidthshow
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-0.08860 0.(different  "new business" areas and markets, the potential which could be tapped through strategic)ashow
62 41 gm
-0.11419 0.(alliances among the Regionals is almost unmeasurable.  By the same token, strategic alliances)ashow
74 41 gm
-0.10684 0.(could be forged by a "meta-Regional" with even the largest of private firms in the market. )ashow
98 41 gm
-0.14640 0.(The regionals can capitalize on strategic alliances in three ways: \(1\) they can license particular types)ashow
110 41 gm
-0.09864 0.(of expertise;  \(2\) they can offer services and product in exchange for dollars;  \(3\) they can obtain)ashow
122 41 gm
-0.12028 0.(equity in the strategic ally, in return for awarding that firm the right to turn a nascent idea into a)ashow
134 41 gm
0.16738 0.(business.)ashow
158 41 gm
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2.92388 0. 32 0.29238 0.(7. Engaging in Secondary Functions - Good Citizenship)awidthshow
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0 fs
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-0.09350 0.(The mission of the regional networks, which may be summarized as marketing both the concepts)ashow
206 41 gm
-0.07502 0.(and the services of the networks suggests that they should be involved in a series of functions apart)ashow
218 41 gm
-0.11935 0.(from their role as Marketmaker.)ashow
242 41 gm
-0.04716 0.(a.  )ashow
4 fs
130.86312 ul
-0.07275 0.(Aggregating the Have-Nots)ashow
266 41 gm
0 fs
-0.11604 0.( Not all campuses will be connected to and well-served by the connection of the major research)ashow
278 41 gm
-0.11853 0.(institutions to the national network.  Nor will all potential users at smaller institutions be allocated)ashow
290 41 gm
-0.06120 0.(the funds needed to link up with the networks.  The regionals should be engaged in discussion and)ashow
302 41 gm
-0.09320 0.(activities to create services for this group of potential users.)ashow
326 41 gm
-0.03662 0.(b.  )ashow
4 fs
179.14732 ul
-0.05195 0.(Network Information Center Services)ashow
350 41 gm
0 fs
-0.06176 0.(No formal entity exists to serve the end-users, that is, persons like the academics, researchers and)ashow
362 41 gm
-0.07717 0.(physicians who actually use the INTERNET.  Perhaps the most astounding examples of the lack of)ashow
374 41 gm
-0.12072 0.(attention to end-user needs is the fact that there is no documentation and no single manual for the)ashow
386 41 gm
-0.04484 0.(end-user of the network, except for a few produced on single campuses.  The NSF has carefully)ashow
398 41 gm
-0.08001 0.(avoided the end-user in defining the population for its funding.  There are only 100 to 150)ashow
410 41 gm
-0.10594 0.(institutions which are thought to have user service departments which can effectively fill this gap,)ashow
422 41 gm
-0.07200 0.(while the NREN proposal calls for connecting 1300 institutions by 1993.  The regionals could)ashow
434 41 gm
-0.08671 0.(effectively provide end-user services, such as more systematic documentation, training for )ashow
446 41 gm
-0.06726 0.(NIC trainers, and ongoing telephone support to end-users in the large number of institutions which)ashow
458 41 gm
-0.06620 0.(will be joining the network without appropriate support.  Interestingly enough, this )ashow
458 438 gm
-0.07572 0.(function would)ashow
470 41 gm
-0.07218 0.(actually support the regionals in their efforts as "marketers".  First, it would provide them)ashow
482 41 gm
-0.08096 0.(information about a market which is their primary responsibility, and second, it would provide)ashow
494 41 gm
-0.12327 0.(them direct access to individuals in the market. )ashow
518 41 gm
-0.01490 0.( c.  )ashow
4 fs
127.74772 ul
-0.02301 0.(Affinity Group Formation.)ashow
542 41 gm
0 fs
-0.06105 0.(As described in the above sections, network users are a very diverse group.  The regionals could)ashow
554 41 gm
-0.00700 0.(sponsor Affinity Groups, and provide special services for them.  For example, a user's group on)ashow
566 41 gm
-0.04994 0.(mappings of non-English keyboards or on transmission of foreign alphabets, for users interested in)ashow
578 41 gm
-0.03683 0.(foreign languages.)ashow
687 42 gm
2 fs
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0.06362 0. 32 0.00636 0.(Future of Mid-Level Networks)awidthshow
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210.99946 ul
1.83120 0. 32 0.18312 0.(C. The Viability of the Market Maker)awidthshow
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1.69937 0. 32 0.16993 0.(1.  One or Many?)awidthshow
98 41 gm
0 fs
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-0.11230 0.(The Marketmaker model offers an attractive path into future for most of the regional networks. It)ashow
110 41 gm
-0.12814 0.(allows them to meet the networking challenges of this decade without forcing them to drastically)ashow
122 41 gm
-0.11842 0.(alter their not-for-profit character and academic origins. It provides them with many varied)ashow
134 41 gm
-0.06623 0.(functions to perform and goals to achieve.  However, a key question exists concerning the best)ashow
146 41 gm
-0.09550 0.(way to achieve these goals and to meet the six challenges of networking.  The question is the one)ashow
158 41 gm
-0.05479 0.(of "one" or "many".  Will the nation's goals in the networking arena best be served by many)ashow
170 41 gm
-0.09074 0.(regionals, competing to offer similar services and fill primary functions?  Or, would it be)ashow
182 41 gm
-0.09274 0.(advantageous to have some measure of coordination, so that the regionals specialize, and no more)ashow
194 41 gm
-0.08779 0.(than a few regionals supply a particular service.)ashow
218 41 gm
-0.10827 0.(There is movement in the direction of coordination among the regionals today.  FARNet has)ashow
230 41 gm
-0.11402 0.(recently decided to engage a professional firm to do long-range strategic planning for its)ashow
243 41 gm
-0.07408 0.(membership.)ashow
0 -2 rm
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-0.06048 0.(7)ashow
0 2 rm
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12 fz
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-0.06591 0.( There have been discussions within FARNet and the NTTF of the possibility of a)ashow
255 41 gm
-0.06556 0.(merger of the two organizations. BITNET and CSNET merged last year to form CREN.)ashow
279 41 gm
-0.13148 0.(Another type of specialization and the coordinated activity that goes along with it, can be discerned)ashow
291 41 gm
-0.09474 0.(at the level of the regionals themselves.  Networks have been formed at state levels, by state)ashow
303 41 gm
-0.08570 0.(agencies.  But the state networks use the regionals to take advantage of economics of scale.  In)ashow
315 41 gm
-0.08792 0.(CISNet, MIDNet, SURANet there is a splitting of authority between the regionals and the states)ashow
327 41 gm
-0.08224 0.(they serve, with functions related to economics of scale performed by the regional.  CICNet )ashow
339 41 gm
-0.12692 0.(recently awarded a grant to Ohio State University to develop an implementation of  "FAX over the)ashow
351 41 gm
-0.10891 0.(Internet".  This is an example in which the regional paid a contractor to perform a service for all of)ashow
363 41 gm
-0.02865 0.(its members.)ashow
387 41 gm
-0.10809 0.(It thus appears that persons active in the networking community are open to the paired ideas of)ashow
399 41 gm
-0.11019 0.(coordination and specialization at different levels.  A push from federal funding agencies would)ashow
411 41 gm
-0.12844 0.(help to accelerate the trend, and could spearhead attempts to understand and identify the tiers at)ashow
423 41 gm
-0.06991 0.(which various services are offered and functions executed.  For example, quality assurance is best)ashow
435 41 gm
-0.10061 0.(performed at the regional level, whereas documentation on how to navigate and use the resources)ashow
447 41 gm
-0.11538 0.(on the Internet could be designed and prepared at the national level, and distributed by the)ashow
459 41 gm
-0.04931 0.(regionals.  Professional and user networking publications, which inform the user about)ashow
471 41 gm
-0.09643 0.(developments and trends in networking, currently abound; there are about twenty different)ashow
483 41 gm
-0.09437 0.(publications circulating, and almost none  of them is of sufficiently high quality.  One or two)ashow
495 41 gm
-0.06864 0.(publications, prepared by professional editors through a national entities such as FARNet, would)ashow
507 41 gm
-0.11929 0.(very likely be of higher quality and certainly be more useful.  In the area of policy-initiation and)ashow
519 41 gm
-0.08070 0.(lobbying, coordination and specialization again are the order of the day.  Naturally, working with)ashow
531 41 gm
-0.11018 0.(state legislatures and officials is a function carried out most effectively by the state networks.  On)ashow
543 41 gm
-0.05732 0.(the other hand, there isn't a single major industry or professional group in the United States which)ashow
555 41 gm
-0.13102 0.(has not formed a centralized unit to be its representative to the federal government.  Effective)ashow
567 41 gm
-0.10186 0.(treatment of this subject might require a merger or some weaker form of combination among CNI,)ashow
579 41 gm
(NTTF and FARNET.  )show
603 41 gm
-0.13116 0.(While there is some movement in the direction of coordination, there is no real evidence of effective)ashow
615 41 gm
-0.09062 0.(specialization.  FARNET is a weak body and the NTTF is specialized and serves only the lobbying)ashow
638 41 gm
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0.07113 0.(7)ashow
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0.30471 0. 32 0.03047 0.(Minutes of September FARNET meeting)awidthshow
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2 fs
12 fz
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0.06362 0. 32 0.00636 0.(Future of Mid-Level Networks)awidthshow
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-0.23664 0.(Page  53)ashow
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-0.11048 0.(needs of the academic networking community.  The memberships of both are reluctant to give up)ashow
62 41 gm
-0.10253 0.(control over almost any functions, even one as unrelated to the essential activity of the network as)ashow
74 41 gm
-0.09075 0.(publications of newsletters.  There is much to accomplish in order to bring the full benefits of high-)ashow
86 41 gm
-0.08340 0.(speed networking to he American people, but little is being done.  Perhaps in this arena, more than)ashow
98 41 gm
-0.09501 0.(any other, federal funding agencies can use the power of the purse to give the regionals a gentle)ashow
110 41 gm
-0.11781 0.(push in the direction of greater coordination and specialization.)ashow
134 41 gm
-0.10827 0.(There is also the question of coordination as it applies to the Marketmaker.  Which is the best shape)ashow
146 41 gm
-0.12274 0.(for the Marketmaker to assume \320\320\320)ashow
170 78 gm
-0.05346 0.(\(1\) a group of independent regionals,)ashow
182 78 gm
-0.07948 0.(\(2\) a few regionals loosely joined in some sort of federation--but with the economic power,)ashow
194 94 gm
0.09933 0. 32 0.00993 0.(i.e., buying power at the regionals' level, or )awidthshow
206 78 gm
-0.09840 0.(\(3\) various local and second tier networks tightly organized into a single buying)ashow
218 94 gm
-0.20838 0.(cooperative?)ashow
230 78 gm
(  )show
242 42 gm
-0.10067 0.(We have evidence that the weak forms of coordination do not work.  We are at the beginning of a)ashow
254 42 gm
-0.07446 0.(new era.  The regionals are increasingly moving away from providing operating services. )ashow
266 42 gm
-0.07627 0.(CICNet's contract for operations, awarded to a consortium of a local AT&T unit and Ohio State, is)ashow
278 42 gm
-0.09960 0.(the latest  example.  As the regionals move away from operations, and as operating contracts are)ashow
290 42 gm
-0.11454 0.(awarded to entities which have no commitment to the "networking challenges", higher quality)ashow
302 42 gm
-0.10652 0.(transport service will emerge.  But at the same time, the more fragmented the regionals are, the)ashow
314 42 gm
-0.10705 0.(weaker their influence will be and the opportunity to respond to the challenges of the 1990s may be)ashow
326 42 gm
-0.04692 0.(lost.  To assure, that all types of users will be served, rather than only those who can pay full)ashow
338 42 gm
-0.09754 0.(price, coordination by a strong central unit, functioning as a"Global Marketmaker" appears to be)ashow
350 42 gm
-0.07585 0.(the most effective approach.  Perhaps, federal funding agencies together with wise decisions by)ashow
362 42 gm
-0.14491 0.(leaders in the networking community can accelerate the trends toward commercialization,)ashow
374 42 gm
-0.10765 0.(encourage specialization, and bring the realization of network goals that much closer.)ashow
398 42 gm
1 fs
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2.82424 0. 32 0.28242 0.(2. Funding Mechanisms, Organization and Viability)awidthshow
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-0.12278 0.(There are four basic sources of funding which would potentially be available to the Marketmaker: )ashow
434 42 gm
-0.07644 0.(direct grants from the government, user fees, revenues from operating and payments for special)ashow
446 42 gm
-0.07926 0.(services.  The more diverse its sources of funding, the greater the freedom and independence of the)ashow
458 42 gm
-0.12767 0.(Marketmaker from both financial and policy perspectives, and the greater the insulation from the)ashow
470 42 gm
-0.10804 0.(effects of shifts in government priorities.  Wisdom requires that the regionals attempt to recruit)ashow
482 42 gm
-0.05995 0.(funds from as many of these different types of sources as possible, and the goals and organization)ashow
494 42 gm
-0.11587 0.(of the Marketmaker are perfectly suited to this type of diversity.)ashow
518 42 gm
(a.  )show
4 fs
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-0.01701 0.(Direct  Grants.)ashow
542 42 gm
0 fs
-0.09452 0.(Federal and state sources will continue to fund services useful to federal and state agencies,)ashow
554 42 gm
-0.09835 0.(respectively.  The need and the opportunity to obtain grants from both levels of government)ashow
566 42 gm
-0.12454 0.(demonstrate that the Marketmaker must itself either be organized in two tiers, or represent a)ashow
578 42 gm
-0.08142 0.(federation of entities, since state funds are most successfully obtained by persons knowledgeable)ashow
590 42 gm
-0.12322 0.(about the particular state governments, while federal dollars are most effectively obtained by)ashow
602 42 gm
-0.11729 0.(persons operating in the federal arena.  The Marketmaker would be most effective in obtaining)ashow
614 42 gm
-0.06715 0.(funds from these sources by organizing as a highly coordinated, multi-state structure.  )ashow
687 42 gm
2 fs
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0.06362 0. 32 0.00636 0.(Future of Mid-Level Networks)awidthshow
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-0.23664 0.(Page  54)ashow
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0.20584 0. 32 0.02058 0.(b.  )awidthshow
4 fs
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0.83419 0. 32 0.08341 0.(User Fees.)awidthshow
0 fs
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-0.13392 0.(The Marketmaker will continue to receive fees from the universities, national laboratories and)ashow
86 42 gm
-0.08726 0.(industrial R&D laboratories which it serves.  )ashow
110 42 gm
0.18081 0. 32 0.01808 0.(c. )awidthshow
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0.05661 0. 32 0.00566 0.( )awidthshow
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99.31398 ul
0.51773 0. 32 0.05177 0.(Fees from Providers)awidthshow
1 fs
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( )show
134 42 gm
0 fs
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-0.10882 0.(The Marketmaker will receive discounts from transport providers for delivering large blocks of)ashow
146 42 gm
-0.07698 0.(customers.  If the Marketmaker passes a percentage of those discounts on and retains a portion, it)ashow
158 42 gm
-0.09568 0.(will actually be collecting fees from its providers.  Here again, the ability to represent a single,)ashow
170 42 gm
-0.09030 0.(large block of users determines the nature of the discount.  In addition, the Marketmaker would)ashow
182 42 gm
-0.06044 0.(collect fees for services to the providers, such as quality assurance.)ashow
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(d. )show
4 fs
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0.04257 0. 32 0.00425 0.( Special Project Grants from Industry)awidthshow
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-0.08251 0.(In this instance, the Marketmaker staff acts as "brain trusts" in the area of networking, and applies)ashow
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-0.05902 0.(to industry for grants in support of innovative experiments and pilot projects.  Thus, NYSERNet)ashow
254 42 gm
-0.11564 0.(recently applied for a grant from IBM to create a plan for connecting secondary schools to the high-)ashow
266 42 gm
-0.07600 0.(speed  networks.  In a Marketmaker, organized in two layers, central and other entities, all layers)ashow
278 42 gm
-0.10067 0.(could fill the "brain trust" role.  In fact, the various parts of the Marketmaker could compete in this)ashow
290 42 gm
-0.12176 0.(particular area - that of special projects - with no ill effects on the buying power or political clout of)ashow
302 42 gm
-0.06385 0.(the agency.)ashow
326 42 gm
-0.12945 0.(Writing about the federal/state relationship in American government in the 1960's, Daniel Elazar)ashow
338 42 gm
-0.13513 0.(argued convincingly that the structure of the federal/state relationship was more like that of a marble)ashow
350 42 gm
-0.09515 0.(cake than that of a hierarchy or tiered-blocks.  His analogy is well-suited to our concept of the)ashow
362 42 gm
-0.11601 0.(Marketmaker as well.  Tightly coordinator to obtain best pricing, high quality service and efficient)ashow
374 42 gm
-0.13963 0.(specialization, the Marketmaker need not be tightly coordinated in areas in which tight coordination)ashow
386 42 gm
-0.08752 0.(brings no benefits.  Brainstorming and creative research appear to be cases of the latter.)ashow
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2.51342 0. 32 0.25134 0.(3. Contribution of the State Networks.  )awidthshow
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0 fs
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-0.10652 0.(State networks are network operations providers which interconnect state agencies or state colleges)ashow
446 42 gm
-0.06176 0.(and universities .  They were founded for a variety of reasons in different states, ranging from an )ashow
458 42 gm
-0.12324 0.(urgent need for reliable service to accommodating political realities.  Today, the state networks have)ashow
470 42 gm
-0.08694 0.(multiple formats and personalities, including that of MERIT - forward looking, aggressive and a)ashow
482 42 gm
-0.08206 0.(leader in all areas of networks, to state networks which confine their interests to serving very)ashow
494 42 gm
-0.05500 0.(specific needs in the state capital.  However, regardless of their origin, the state networks, as we)ashow
506 42 gm
-0.08390 0.(noted previously, are very likely here to stay, and can provide solid members of the Marketmaker. )ashow
518 42 gm
-0.11329 0.(As Elazar's marble cake analogy implies, there would be no contradiction involved if a limited-)ashow
530 42 gm
-0.10386 0.(service provider, in the form of a state network, were to become a member of the Marketmaker in)ashow
542 42 gm
-0.08381 0.(order to benefit from a sub-set of Marketmaker services, or simply to act in support of "the )ashow
554 42 gm
-0.04864 0.(challenges".)ashow
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1 fs
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2.63336 0. 32 0.26333 0.(4. Relations With the Regional Bell Operating Companies \(RBOCS\))awidthshow
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0 fs
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-0.10708 0.(The RBOCs could play a significant role in high-speed networking in the coming decade.  Their)ashow
614 42 gm
-0.12768 0.(activity will mesh well with that of the Marketmaker \(s\) in three important  areas.  These are: )ashow
638 78 gm
-0.06776 0.(\(1\) as potential suppliers of lines and network operating services, )ashow
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0.06362 0. 32 0.00636 0.(Future of Mid-Level Networks)awidthshow
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-0.05966 0.(\(2\) as  potential users of the Marketmaker's network for"living laboratories" and test-beds,)ashow
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-0.10876 0.(and )ashow
74 78 gm
-0.12715 0.(\(3\) as political allies in the effort to extend deregulation of high-speed telecommunications.)ashow
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(a.  )show
4 fs
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-0.01275 0.(Potential Suppliers.)ashow
0 fs
(  )show
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-0.09243 0.(The baby Bells can reasonably be thought of as potential suppliers of network services to the)ashow
134 41 gm
-0.05186 0.(Marketmaker\(s\) and their customers.  In the mid-1980s, when networking was in its infancy, the)ashow
146 41 gm
-0.10829 0.(RBOCs were technically unsophisticated in an area in which technology was continually changing.)ashow
158 41 gm
-0.02622 0.(In 1986, when NYSERNet first began its discussions with NYTEL/NYNEX, TCP/IP was almost)ashow
170 41 gm
-0.08755 0.(unknown in these firms.  More recently, technology in high-speed telecommunications has)ashow
182 41 gm
0.02456 0. 32 0.00245 0.(stabilized, the 'nuts and bolts' and 'how-to' issues have been resolved, there are experienced)awidthshow
194 41 gm
-0.09959 0.(persons available to be hired,  and the RBOCs have become more knowledgeable about high-speed)ashow
206 41 gm
-0.12930 0.(telecommunications.  Moreover, it appears that the RBOCs have become interested in entering the)ashow
218 41 gm
-0.10066 0.(high-speed telecommunications market.  PREPNet has contracted its network service operations)ashow
230 41 gm
-0.09904 0.(out to Bell of Pennsylvania \(a subsidiary of Bell-Atlantic\), and appears to be satisfied with the)ashow
242 41 gm
-0.07656 0.(results.  Ameritech bid with the University of Illinois/Urbana-Champagne, albeit unsuccessfully, in)ashow
254 41 gm
0.10070 0. 32 0.01007 0.(response to CICNet's RFP for network operations services.)awidthshow
278 41 gm
0.11260 0. 32 0.01126 0.(b.  )awidthshow
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51.56712 ul
0.45639 0. 32 0.04563 0.(Test Beds.)awidthshow
0 fs
0.05065 0. 32 0.00506 0.(   )awidthshow
302 41 gm
-0.08784 0.(As the networking world begins to use OSI technologies and ATM-based fast packet switches, the)ashow
314 41 gm
-0.10069 0.(second tier networks can help provide the RBOCs a "living laboratory" for future telephone)ashow
326 41 gm
-0.12004 0.(services, particularly if the Modified Final Judgement \(MFJ\), related to the AT&T divestiture )ashow
338 41 gm
-0.06951 0.(January 1, 1984, is revised to allow the RBOCs to enter the protocol conversion and information)ashow
350 41 gm
0.24810 0. 32 0.02481 0.(provision businesses. )awidthshow
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-0.03874 0.(c.  )ashow
4 fs
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-0.05462 0.(Deregulation.)ashow
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-0.10408 0.(Since the key role of the Marketmaker is to assure competitive sources of high-speed network)ashow
410 41 gm
-0.11859 0.(services, the Marketmaker would greatly benefit from a decision allowing the RBOCs to enter the)ashow
422 41 gm
-0.12300 0.(area of information provision, thus creating additional potential  players for the Marketmaker to)ashow
434 41 gm
-0.09219 0.(deal with. This would be especially true in the areas of provision of general operating services and)ashow
446 41 gm
-0.05595 0.(provision of shared data-bases and information.)ashow
470 41 gm
-0.09700 0.( As discussed above, an important secondary function of the Marketmaker is to gain access to)ashow
482 41 gm
-0.10946 0.(information and to make it available to its members at reasonable prices.  The RBOCS, newly)ashow
494 41 gm
-0.08496 0.(entering a market in which commercial providers such as CompuServe, Dow Jones and General)ashow
506 41 gm
-0.09730 0.(Electric Information Services have already carved niches, will be looking for a customer base.  As)ashow
518 41 gm
-0.09600 0.(a large buying cooperative, the Marketmaker would provide a large, reliable customer base.  From)ashow
530 41 gm
-0.07647 0.(the Marketmaker's perspective, there would be price advantages to dealing with RBOCs, as)ashow
542 41 gm
-0.07377 0.(opposed to  the commercial providers currently in the market. First, as noted above, these players)ashow
554 41 gm
-0.04434 0.(have already established niches,  such as Dow Jones in the  business arena or GEIS' penetration of)ashow
566 41 gm
-0.10551 0.(the banking world. They are not interested in capturing the university and research market  in)ashow
578 41 gm
-0.09066 0.(exchange for low prices.  Second, the commercial providers are not interested in the technology of)ashow
590 41 gm
-0.09582 0.(high-speed telecommunications as such, and do not derive the benefits of a "living laboratory" and)ashow
602 41 gm
-0.11004 0.(test-bed from dealing with the academic and research communities, a further reason for the RBOCs)ashow
614 41 gm
-0.16983 0.(being more likely to provide attractive pricing to the Marketmaker than the current commercial)ashow
626 41 gm
-0.09594 0.(providers  are offering.  Finally, the RBOCs can offer more favorable pricing to the Marketmaker)ashow
638 41 gm
-0.09939 0.(because they are very big compared with others in the market, and have large economies of scale.)ashow
687 42 gm
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0.06362 0. 32 0.00636 0.(Future of Mid-Level Networks)awidthshow
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-0.23664 0.(Page  56)ashow
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-0.11988 0.(Given the Marketmaker's interest in the potential offered by the RBOCs entering additional)ashow
62 41 gm
-0.15196 0.(markets, the regional and/or federated Marketmaker is likely to become a political ally of the)ashow
74 41 gm
-0.14147 0.(RBOCs at the federal level.  The RBOCs are already actively soliciting support in the academic)ashow
86 41 gm
-0.10467 0.(world.  At the latest EDUCOM meeting in Atlanta, Georgia, a coalition of RBOCs sponsored )ashow
98 41 gm
-0.09576 0.(a booth  at the meeting for the sole purpose wooing the support of conference attendees for a)ashow
110 41 gm
-0.06436 0.(revision in the MFJ.  The RBOCs  have shown an increasing interest in the NREN, and are even)ashow
122 41 gm
-0.08879 0.(more likely to support it the future. )ashow
158 41 gm
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3.78814 0. 32 0.37881 0.(Prognosis )awidthshow
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( )show
182 41 gm
-0.14527 0.(If the regionals evaluate their current situation astutely and adopt the Marketmaker  model and )ashow
194 41 gm
-0.11849 0.(activities which seem most likely to lead to success, viability in the short term \(over the next five)ashow
206 41 gm
-0.07833 0.(years\) seems certain.  Although the GORE Bill died in the House this session, most experts expect)ashow
218 41 gm
-0.06599 0.(that the NREN will be funded, perhaps at less than the $390 million level.  In the longer term, too,)ashow
230 41 gm
-0.10357 0.(the chances of regional viability are strong.  Once the right structure is established, and we believe)ashow
242 41 gm
-0.11521 0.(that all indications are in favor of a strongly federated Marketmaker, and as long as the)ashow
254 41 gm
-0.10897 0.(Marketmaker and the groups it represents remain in the forefront of communications, the regionals)ashow
266 41 gm
-0.07847 0.(will have a strong role to play over the next 20 years.)ashow
687 42 gm
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2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt
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0.06362 0. 32 0.00636 0.(Future of Mid-Level Networks)awidthshow
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( )show
687 438 gm
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-0.23664 0.(Page  57)ashow
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%%EOF

____________________

	 > righteous offense...derogatory conclusion...glee...
	 > you had discovered...arrogant and mindless..unaccomplished ne
	tworks.
	 > if you had read it carefully....

	 I had assumed when I posted the message that the esteemed membe
	rs of
	 this list would be able to fetch the document for themselves, d
	ecide
	 as reasonably well informed members of the internet community w
	hat
	 they thought of it, and correct me if I was somewhat hyperbolic
	 in
	 my description.  You characterize this as "bait[ing] them with
	 misattributed sound bites".  I take offense to this.

	 I maintain an extensive collection of release notes and softwar
	e
	 announcements, archive site descriptions, abstracts of papers, 
	et al.
	 which I publish on the USENET as "comp.archives".  Opinionated,
	 strongly worded, and reasonably complete descriptions of a pack
	age or
	 service are the most interesting to read, and I publish them
	 whenever I can find them.  Lame, boring mutterings are left
	 behind, no one has time to read them.  I try to write stuff tha
	t I
	 would want to read later.

	 Do I bait people with sound bites?  Well, I don't often worry a
	bout
	 that too much.  If my descriptions are awful, or if I post awfu
	l
	 descriptions written by someone else, folks stop reading what I
	 post.
	 So far that has not been the case.  

	 back issues of comp.archives are available for anonymous ftp fr
	om
	 	wuarchive.wustl.edu:/usenet/comp.archives/
	 	cs.toronto.edu:/indexed-archives/archive/comp.archives/ 
	 

	 Mark Moraes at the U of Toronto provides the indexing.  Compare
	 for yourself
	 whether what I wrote was more than a standard deviation away fr
	om the
	 other opinionated but interesting references in the collection.

	 -- 
	  Msen	Edward Vielmetti
	 /|---	moderator, comp.archives
	 	emv@msen.com

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