[90287] in Discussion of MIT-community interests
daemon@ATHENA.MIT.EDU (Medicare Help)
Wed Oct 19 12:57:26 2016
Date: Wed, 19 Oct 2016 12:07:26 -0400
From: "Medicare Help" <medicare_help@seniiorcare.com>
To: <mit-talk-mtg@charon.mit.edu>
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2016 Medicare Supplement Insurance
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Cave paintings reveal clues to mystery Ice Age beastBy Helen BriggsBBC News=
6 hours ago From the section Science & EnvironmentShareThe European bison (=
Bison bonasus) can weigh as much as a carImage copyright RAFA=C3=85=C2=81 K=
OWALCZYKImage captionThe European bison (Bison bonasus) can weigh as much a=
s a carCave art from the Ice Age has helped solve the mysterious origins of=
Europe's largest land mammal.The modern European bison, now found only in =
protected reserves, once roamed widely on the continent.Studies of ancient =
DNA show the bison arose from interbreeding between the extinct steppe biso=
n and the aurochs, about 120,000 years ago.The scientific evidence was conf=
irmed by cave paintings that depict features such as horns and humps."When =
we asked, French cave researchers told us that there were indeed two distin=
ct forms of bison art in Ice Age caves, and it turns out their ages match t=
hose of the different species," said Dr Julien Soubrier, from the Universit=
y of Adelaide."We'd never
have guessed the cave artists had helpfully painted pictures of both specie=
s for us."Older paintings look more like the Steppe bisonImage copyrightCAR=
OLE FRITZ AND GILLES TOSELLOImage captionPaintings in the Chauvet-Pont d'Ar=
c cave (Ardeche, France) look more like the Steppe bisonBisons in the young=
er paintings look more like the European bisonImage copyrightCAROLE FRITZ A=
ND GILLES TOSELLOImage captionBisons at the Pergouset cave (Ardeche, France=
) look more like the European bisonEarly fossil records have shown that two=
major forms of bovids (a family of hoofed mammals, including cattle, sheep=
and goats) were present in Europe: the aurochs (the ancestors of modern ca=
ttle) and the steppe bison.The University of Adelaide researchers used bone=
s from 64 ancient bison to study the origins of the group."We were surprise=
d to find that the DNA we were getting back from these bones didn't look en=
tirely like the modern European bison, they looked quite different," lead r=
esearcher Prof
Alan Cooper, director of the Australian Centre for Ancient DNA at the Unive=
rsity of Adelaide, told BBC News."We determined that the European bison, bi=
zarrely enough, is a hybrid between an auroch - which is the ancestor of mo=
dern cattle - one of the most ferocious wild animals, and a steppe bison, w=
hich ranged all the way across the grasslands of Russia, into Alaska and al=
l the way down to Mexico in the Americas."'Higgs bison'The findings are a s=
urprise given that, genetically, cows and bison are quite far apart.Hybrids=
(the offspring of two animals of different species) are rare - they break =
the rules of biology and are usually infertile.Modern European bison (or wi=
sent - Bison bonasus) from the Bia=C3=85=E2=80=9Aowie=C3=85=C2=BCa Forest i=
n PolandImage copyright RAFA=C3=85=C2=81 KOWALCZYKImage captionModern Europ=
ean bison (or wisent - Bison bonasus) from the Bia=C3=85=E2=80=9Aowieza For=
est in PolandThe scientists had jokingly nicknamed the hybrid beast - the H=
iggs bison.Like the particle long sought by physicists, they were
not sure it existed, due to a gap in the fossil record."Finding that a hybr=
idisation event led to a completely new species was a real surprise - as th=
is isn't really meant to happen in mammals," said Prof Cooper."The genetic =
signals from the ancient bison bones were very odd, but we weren't quite su=
re a species really existed - so we referred to it as the Higgs bison."Radi=
o carbon dating of the bones revealed that each of the bison had been domin=
ant at different times, due to changes in the environment.The scientists fo=
und the age of the cave paintings matched this flux.The cave paintings came=
from sites across France and Spain, including Grotte de Lascaux in the Dor=
dogne and Grotte Chauvet-Pont d'Arc in the Ardeche.Paintings from more than=
18,000 years ago show creatures with long horns and hefty forequarters, li=
ke the American bison, which is descended from the Steppe bison.However, mo=
re recent paintings (about 12,000 to 17,000 years old) show animals with sh=
orter horns and
smaller humps, similar to modern European bison."It looks like the cave art=
ists were actually spotting the difference and actually recording them in t=
heir art," said Prof Cooper."And so the Higgs bison has been hiding in plai=
n sight for all the time, and no-one recognised. The variation in cave art =
was put down to cultural or stylistic differences."Re-wildingThe European b=
ison is now largely confined to the Bia=C3=85=E2=80=9Aowieza forest between=
Poland and Belarus.The animal was driven to extinction in the wild across =
Europe about 100 years ago through hunting and habitat loss.There are now t=
housands in the wild, all descended from handful of individuals in captivit=
y re-introduced into the wild.The study is reported in the journal, Nature =
Communications.Follow Helen on Twitter @hbriggs.
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<div style=3D"color:#F4FFFD; ">
Cave paintings reveal clues to mystery Ice Age beastBy Helen Bri=
ggsBBC News6 hours ago From the section Science & EnvironmentShareThe E=
uropean bison (Bison bonasus) can weigh as much as a carImage copyright RAF=
A? KOWALCZYKImage captionThe European bison (Bison bonasus) can weigh as mu=
ch as a carCave art from the Ice Age has helped solve the mysterious origin=
s of Europe' s largest land mammal.The modern European bison, now found onl=
y in protected reserves, once roamed widely on the continent.Studies of anc=
ient DNA show the bison arose from interbreeding between the extinct steppe=
bison and the aurochs, about 120,000 years ago.The scientific evidence was=
confirmed by cave paintings that depict features such as horns and humps.&=
quot; When we asked, French cave researchers told us that there were indeed=
two distinct forms of bison art in Ice Age caves, and it turns out their a=
ges match those of the different species," said Dr Julien Soubrier, fr=
om the University of Adelaide." We' d never have guessed the cave arti=
sts had helpfully painted pictures of both species for us." Older pain=
tings look more like the Steppe bisonImage copyrightCAROLE FRITZ AND GILLES=
TOSELLOImage captionPaintings in the Chauvet-Pont d' Arc cave (Ardeche, Fr=
ance) look more like the Steppe bisonBisons in the younger paintings look m=
ore like the European bisonImage copyrightCAROLE FRITZ AND GILLES TOSELLOIm=
age captionBisons at the Pergouset cave (Ardeche, France) look more like th=
e European bisonEarly fossil records have shown that two major forms of bov=
ids (a family of hoofed mammals, including cattle, sheep and goats) were pr=
esent in Europe: the aurochs (the ancestors of modern cattle) and the stepp=
e bison.The University of Adelaide researchers used bones from 64 ancient b=
ison to study the origins of the group." We were surprised to find tha=
t the DNA we were getting back from these bones didn' t look entirely like =
the modern European bison, they looked quite different," lead research=
er Prof Alan Cooper, director of the Australian Centre for Ancient DNA at t=
he University of Adelaide, told BBC News." We determined that the Euro=
pean bison, bizarrely enough, is a hybrid between an auroch - which is the =
ancestor of modern cattle - one of the most ferocious wild animals, and a s=
teppe bison, which ranged all the way across the grasslands of Russia, into=
Alaska and all the way down to Mexico in the Americas." ' Higgs bison=
' The findings are a surprise given that, genetically, cows and bison are q=
uite far apart.Hybrids (the offspring of two animals of different species) =
are rare - they break the rules of biology and are usually infertile.Modern=
European bison (or wisent - Bison bonasus) from the Bia? owie? a Forest in=
PolandImage copyright RAFA? KOWALCZYKImage captionModern European bison (o=
r wisent - Bison bonasus) from the Bia? owieza Forest in PolandThe scientis=
ts had jokingly nicknamed the hybrid beast - the Higgs bison.Like the parti=
cle long sought by physicists, they were not sure it existed, due to a gap =
in the fossil record." Finding that a hybridisation event led to a com=
pletely new species was a real surprise - as this isn' t really meant to ha=
ppen in mammals," said Prof Cooper." The genetic signals from the=
ancient bison bones were very odd, but we weren' t quite sure a species re=
ally existed - so we referred to it as the Higgs bison." Radio carbon =
dating of the bones revealed that each of the bison had been dominant at di=
fferent times, due to changes in the environment.The scientists found the a=
ge of the cave paintings matched this flux.The cave paintings came from sit=
es across France and Spain, including Grotte de Lascaux in the Dordogne and=
Grotte Chauvet-Pont d' Arc in the Ardeche.Paintings from more than 18,000 =
years ago show creatures with long horns and hefty forequarters, like the A=
merican bison, which is descended from the Steppe bison.However, more recen=
t paintings (about 12,000 to 17,000 years old) show animals with shorter ho=
rns and smaller humps, similar to modern European bison." It looks lik=
e the cave artists were actually spotting the difference and actually recor=
ding them in their art," said Prof Cooper." And so the Higgs biso=
n has been hiding in plain sight for all the time, and no-one recognised. T=
he variation in cave art was put down to cultural or stylistic differences.=
" Re-wildingThe European bison is now largely confined to the Bia? owi=
eza forest between Poland and Belarus.The animal was driven to extinction i=
n the wild across Europe about 100 years ago through hunting and habitat lo=
ss.There are now thousands in the wild, all descended from handful of indiv=
iduals in captivity re-introduced into the wild.The study is reported in th=
e journal, Nature Communications.Follow Helen on Twitter @hbriggs.
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