[45845] in Discussion of MIT-community interests

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daemon@ATHENA.MIT.EDU (GreatLifeInsuranceGroup.com info@g)
Fri Jul 10 09:01:31 2015

Date: Fri, 10 Jul 2015 09:01:30 -0400
To: mit-talk-mtg@charon.mit.edu
From: "GreatLifeInsuranceGroup.com info@greatlifeinsurancegroup.com" <greatlifeinsurancegroupcominfogreatlifeinsurancegroupcom@crisis-anticipator.eu>
Reply-to: "GreatLifeInsuranceGroup.com info@greatlifeinsurancegroup.com" <greatlifeinsurancegroupcominfogreatlifeinsurancegroupcom@crisis-anticipator.eu>


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for transferring or distributing risk were practiced by Chinese and Babylonian traders
 as long ago as the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC, respectively.[1] Chinese merchants trave
 lling treacherous river rapids would redistribute their wares across many vessels to 
 limit the loss due to any single vessel's capsizing. The Babylonians developed a sys
 tem which was record 2hed in the famous Code of Hammurabi, c. 1750 BC, and practiced by 
 early Mediterranean sailing merchant hs. If a merchant received a loan to fund his shipm
 ent, he would pay the lender an additional sum in exchange for the lender's guarantee 
 to cancel the l d2h d oan should the shipment be stolen or lost at sea.
At some point in the 1st millennium BC, the inhabitants of Rhodes created the 'general a
verage'. This allowed grou 2hps of merchants to pay to insure their goods being shipped tog
ether. The collected premiums would be used to reimburse any merchant whose goods were je
ttisoned during transport, whether to storm or sinkage.[2]
Separate insurance contracts (i.e., insurance policies not bundled with loans or other kin
ds of contracts) wer d2h d e invented in Genoa in the 14th century, as were insurance pools backe
d by pledges of landed estates. The first k hnown insurance contract dates from Genoa in 1347
, and in the next century maritime insurance developed widely an d2h d premiums were intuitively
n have various effects von society through the way that it changes who bears the cost of loss
es and damage. On one hand it can increase fraud; on the othe 2hr it can help societies and ind
ividuals prepare for catastrophes and mitigate  d2h d the effects of catastrophes on both households and societies.
Insurance can influen 2hce the probability of losses through moral hazard, insurance fraud, and
 preventive steps by the insurance company. Insurance scholars have typically used moral haz
 ard to refer to the increased loss due to unintentional carelessness and moral hazard to re
 fer to increased risk du d2h d e to intentional carelessness or indifference.[21] Insurers attempt
 to address carelessness through inspections, p 2holicy provisions requiring certain types of main
 tenance, and possible discounts for loss mitigation efforts. While in theory insurers could enc
 ourage investment in loss reduction, some commentators have argued that in practice insurers had
 historically not aggressively pursued l
 oss control measures—particularly to prevent disaster losses such as hurricanes—because of concerns


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for transferring or distributing risk were practiced by Chinese and Babylonian traders
 as long ago as the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC, respectively.[1] Chinese merchants trave
 lling treacherous river rapids would redistribute their wares across many vessels to 
 limit the loss due to any single vessel's capsizing. The Babylonians developed a sys
 tem which was record fced in the famous Code of Hammurabi, c. 1750 BC, and practiced by 
 early Mediterranean sailing merchant cs. If a merchant received a loan to fund his shipm
 ent, he would pay the lender an additional sum in exchange for the lender's guarantee 
 to cancel the l 0fc d oan should the shipment be stolen or lost at sea.
At some point in the 1st millennium BC, the inhabitants of Rhodes created the 'general a
verage'. This allowed grou fcps of merchants to pay to insure their goods being shipped tog
ether. The collected premiums would be used to reimburse any merchant whose goods were je
ttisoned during transport, whether to storm or sinkage.[2]
Separate insurance contracts (i.e., insurance policies not bundled with loans or other kin
ds of contracts) wer 0fc d e invented in Genoa in the 14th century, as were insurance pools backe
d by pledges of landed estates. The first k cnown insurance contract dates from Genoa in 1347
, and in the next century maritime insurance developed widely an 0fc d premiums were intuitively
n have various effects von society through the way that it changes who bears the cost of loss
es and damage. On one hand it can increase fraud; on the othe fcr it can help societies and ind
ividuals prepare for catastrophes and mitigate  0fc d the effects of catastrophes on both households and societies.
Insurance can influen fcce the probability of losses through moral hazard, insurance fraud, and
 preventive steps by the insurance company. Insurance scholars have typically used moral haz
 ard to refer to the increased loss due to unintentional carelessness and moral hazard to re
 fer to increased risk du 0fc d e to intentional carelessness or indifference.[21] Insurers attempt
 to address carelessness through inspections, p fcolicy provisions requiring certain types of main
 tenance, and possible discounts for loss mitigation efforts. While in theory insurers could enc
 ourage investment in loss reduction, some commentators have argued that in practice insurers had
 historically not aggressively pursued l
 oss control measures—particularly to prevent disaster losses such as hurricanes—because of concerns 






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