[45053] in linux-announce channel archive
I Went 20 Days Without Pooping
daemon@ATHENA.MIT.EDU (Perfect Gut Advantage)
Fri Mar 8 06:35:36 2024
Date: Fri, 8 Mar 2024 12:35:05 +0100
From: "Perfect Gut Advantage" <PerfectGutAdvantage@cbd.ru.com>
Reply-To: "Get a Smooth Digestion" <PerfectGutAdvantage@cbd.ru.com>
To: <linuxch-announce.discuss@charon.mit.edu>
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I Went 20 Days Without Pooping
http://cbd.ru.com/AS-ioKAmi-x67OjnfBbkbqho6fMY1_4LXrj6J3a0OjAp9JCrGg
http://cbd.ru.com/MF7k1hWb_q7lLn8tTSb_iTJqSBO_-cP1faRYf4dTpeGgEeI
ister group, the order Crocodilia, contain the only living representatives of the reptile clade Archosauria. During the late 1990s, Aves was most commonly defined phylogenetically as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of modern birds and Archaeopteryx lithographica. However, an earlier definition proposed by Jacques Gauthier gained wide currency in the 21st century, and is used by many scientists including adherents to the PhyloCode. Gauthier defined Aves to include only the crown group of the set of modern birds. This was done by excluding most groups known only from fossils, and assigning them, instead, to the broader group Avialae, on the principle that a clade based on extant species should be limited to those extant species and their closest extinct relatives.
Gauthier and de Queiroz identified four different definitions for the same biological name "Aves", which is a problem. The authors proposed to reserve the term Aves only for the crown group consisting of the last common ancestor of all living birds and all of its descendants, which corresponds to meaning number 4 below. They assigned other names to the other groups.
Reptiles
Squamates
Lizards and snakes
Turtles
Archosaurs
Crocodiles
Birds
The birds' phylogenetic relationships to major living reptile groups
Aves can mean all archosaurs closer to birds than to crocodiles (alternately Avemetatarsalia)
Aves can mean those advanced archosaurs with feathers (alternately Avifilopluma)
Aves can mean those feathered dinosaurs that fly (alternately Avialae)
Aves can mean the last common ancestor of all the currently living birds and all of its descendants (a "crown group", in this sense synonymous with Neornithes)
Under the fourth definition Archaeopteryx, traditionally considered one of the earliest members of Aves, is removed from this group, becoming a non-avian dinosaur instead. These proposals have been adopted by many researchers in the field of palaeontology and bird evolution, though the exact definitions applied have been inconsistent. Avialae, initially proposed to replace the traditional fossil content of Aves, is often used synonymously with the vernacular term "bird" by these researchers.
Maniraptoromorpha
†Coelurus
†Ornitholestes
Maniraptoriformes
†Ornithomimosauria
Maniraptora
†Alvarezsauridae
Pennaraptora
†Oviraptorosauria
Paraves
Cladogram showing the results of a phylogenetic study by Cau, 2018.
Most researchers define Avialae as branch-based clade, though definitions vary. Many authors have used a definition similar to "all theropods cl
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<div style="color:#FFFFFF;font-size:6px;">ister group, the order Crocodilia, contain the only living representatives of the reptile clade Archosauria. During the late 1990s, Aves was most commonly defined phylogenetically as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of modern birds and Archaeopteryx lithographica. However, an earlier definition proposed by Jacques Gauthier gained wide currency in the 21st century, and is used by many scientists including adherents to the PhyloCode. Gauthier defined Aves to include only the crown group of the set of modern birds. This was done by excluding most groups known only from fossils, and assigning them, instead, to the broader group Avialae, on the principle that a clade based on extant species should be limited to those extant species and their closest extinct relatives. Gauthier and de Queiroz identified four different definitions for the same biological name "Aves", which is a problem. The authors proposed to reserve the term Aves only for the crown group consisting of the last common ancestor of all living birds and all of its descendants, which corresponds to meaning number 4 below. They assigned other names to the other groups. Reptiles Squamates Lizards and snakes Turtles Archosaurs Crocodiles Birds The birds' phylogenetic relationships to major living reptile groups Aves can mean all archosaurs closer to birds than to crocodiles (alternately Avemetatarsalia) Aves can mean those advanced archosaurs with feathers (alternately Avifilopluma) Aves can mean those feathered dinosaurs that fly (alternately Avialae) Aves can mean the last common ancestor of all the currently living birds and all of its descendants (a "crown group", in this sense synonymous with Neornithes) Under the fourth definition Archaeopteryx, traditionally considered one of the earliest members of Aves, is removed from this group, becoming a non-avian dinosaur instead. These proposals have been adopted by many researchers in the field of palaeontology and bird evolution, though the exact definitions applied have been inconsistent. Avialae, initially proposed to replace the traditional fossil content of Aves, is often used synonymously with the vernacular term "bird" by these researchers. Maniraptoromorpha †Coelurus †Ornitholestes Maniraptoriformes †Ornithomimosauria Maniraptora †Alvarezsauridae Pennaraptora †Oviraptorosauria Paraves Cladogram showing the results of a phylogenetic study by Cau, 2018. Most researchers define Avialae as branch-based clade, though definitions vary. Many authors have used a definition similar to "all theropods cl</div>
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