[107395] in Cypherpunks
Harvard University Research Paper on the Use of Ciphers in Early
daemon@ATHENA.MIT.EDU (Mary_Ellen_Zurko@iris.com)
Wed Jan 13 11:16:25 1999
From: Mary_Ellen_Zurko@iris.com
To: cypherpunks@cyberpass.net
Date: Wed, 13 Jan 1999 10:50:01 -0500
Reply-To: Mary_Ellen_Zurko@iris.com
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It's vastly more likely somoene here can help these folks.
It does sound like an interesting area of study.
Mez
---------------------- Forwarded by Mary Ellen Zurko/Iris on 01/13/99 10:49 AM
---------------------------
"Lonne A. Jaffe" <jaffe@fas.harvard.edu> on 01/13/99 12:39:44 AM
To: Mary_Ellen_Zurko@iris.com
cc:
Subject: Harvard University Research Paper on the Use of Ciphers in Early
Scientific Publication
Dear Ms. Zurko,
I am working, along with Prof. Mario Biagioli, also at Harvard University, on a
research paper on the use of ciphers by scientists to prove the authenticity of
their work from the 16th century onward. We know that you have done substantial
research and have a strong expertise in the area of cryptography and ciphers,
and were wondering if you could offer anything in the way of thoughts, ideas,
historical data, direction for further research, places to look for information
(especially pointers to places to look on the web), or suggestions for people
to contact for this paper.
Our research about the following: In order to certify that he was, in fact, the
author of his discovery, a scientist during Scientific Revolution-era Europe
would utilize ciphers to encode the text of his discovery when he would mail it
out to his fellow scientists across Europe: they had the dual function of 1)
providing a system of authentication (prevention of the type of plagiarism they
were most concerned with, that someone else would read the discovery, and then
claim it for their own, and reach others with this claim before the legitimate
author of the discovery could) and 2) serving as a Hollywood-type teaser,
making the eventual unveiling of the discovery through the mechanism of
decoding the cipher all the more dramatic.
Our research seems to indicate that plagiarism in science during this period
was most likely when only a few people knew what discovery you had made. A
scientist that made a discovery could either show everyone at once and claim
credit for his work, or could no one. If he showed only a few people, those few
people could claim that they made the discovery instead.
The idea behind the cipher system in scientific publication was the following:
1) a scientist would mail out the discovery in code to everyone (narrowly
defined), and everyone would know that he made a discovery, but not what it is;
2) the discoverer would then send out the solution to the cipher.
If another scientist took his "discovery letter" and his "solution letter,"
decodes the discovery, and then claims that he made the same discovery first,
no one will believe him because everyone received the original, true, encrypted
discovery well in advance. This is true even if the false claim by the
plagiarist reaches them before the solution to the cipher, they know that the
original scientist made the discovery first, because they received that letter
first.
Because of the importance of publicity to a scientists discoveries, scientists
went through the arduous process of establishing a cipher system to protect
their work. If a plagiarist decoded the cipher before the original letters
containing the encrypted discovery reached everyone, and a plagiarist succeeds
in sending out a false claim that arrives before the original encrypted
discovery, there would be difficulty determining who was the true discoverer.
Because diplomatic codes and encryption were well understood (there were many
books about them), scientists would resort to mythological and other more
symbolic and representational forms of cipher.
Modernizing the discussion to the present day, we now have scientific journals
that serve the purpose of assigning authorship correctly. Scientists that are
not interested in academic credit, but who want to get publicity for their
discovery, want to utilize the Internet as a form a communication, a much more
effective means than the mail of Scientific Revolution-era Europe.
Our research is 1) to study the behavior of scientists with respect to these
ciphers, 2) to see if they are being used today in scientific publishing on the
Internet, and 3) to see if changes in the types of ciphers being used reflect
the difference in the medium (the Internet instead of Renaissance mail systems)
through which the information is now being disseminated.
We apologize for the length of this e-mail, and thank you very much for taking
the time to help us, any help, thoughts, or ideas are very much appreciated,
especially any historical information or anecdotes about the use of ciphers in
scientific publication.
Sincerely,
Lonne Jaffe
Harvard University
. ,. . . ,-_/ ,_,_
| ,-.,-.,-.,-. / | | | ,-.,-. ' |,-.|_|_,-.
| | || || ||-' /~~|-.| | |-'| | |,-|| | |-'
`--'`-'' '' '`-' ,' `-'`'`'`-'' ' |`-^| | `-'
/ | ' '
`--'
Lonne Allen Jaffe
E-mail/Pager: jaffe@fas.harvard.edu
Cell Phone: (617) 901-5857
Room phone/Fax: (617) 493-4347
U.S. Mail: 182 Mather Mail Center
Cambridge, MA 02138
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Dear Ms. Zurko,
I am working, along with Prof. Mario Biagioli, also at Harvard Universi=
ty, on a
research paper on the use of ciphers by scientists to prove the authent=
icity of
their work from the 16th century onward. We know that you have done sub=
stantial
research and have a strong expertise in the area of cryptography and ci=
phers,
and were wondering if you could offer anything in the way of thoughts, =
ideas,
historical data, direction for further research, places to look for inf=
ormation
(especially pointers to places to look on the web), or suggestions for =
people to
contact for this paper.
Our research about the following: In order to certify that he was, in f=
act, the
author of his discovery, a scientist during Scientific Revolution-era E=
urope
would utilize ciphers to encode the text of his discovery when he would=
mail it
out to his fellow scientists across Europe: they had the dual function =
of 1)
providing a system of authentication (prevention of the type of plagiar=
ism they
were most concerned with, that someone else would read the discovery, a=
nd then
claim it for their own, and reach others with this claim before the leg=
itimate
author of the discovery could) and 2) serving as a Hollywood-type tease=
r, making
the eventual unveiling of the discovery through the mechanism of decodi=
ng the
cipher all the more dramatic.
Our research seems to indicate that plagiarism in science during this p=
eriod was
most likely when only a few people knew what discovery you had made. A =
scientist
that made a discovery could either show everyone at once and claim cred=
it for
his work, or could no one. If he showed only a few people, those few pe=
ople
could claim that they made the discovery instead.
The idea behind the cipher system in scientific publication was the fol=
lowing:
1) a scientist would mail out the discovery in code to everyone (narrow=
ly
defined), and everyone would know that he made a discovery, but not wha=
t it is;
2) the discoverer would then send out the solution to the cipher.
If another scientist took his "discovery letter" and his "solution lett=
er,"
decodes the discovery, and then claims that he made the same discovery =
first, no
one will believe him because everyone received the original, true, encr=
ypted
discovery well in advance. This is true even if the false claim by the
plagiarist reaches them before the solution to the cipher, they know th=
at the
original scientist made the discovery first, because they received that=
letter
first.
Because of the importance of publicity to a scientists discoveries, sci=
entists
went through the arduous process of establishing a cipher system to pro=
tect
their work. If a plagiarist decoded the cipher before the original lett=
ers
containing the encrypted discovery reached everyone, and a plagiarist s=
ucceeds
in sending out a false claim that arrives before the original encrypted=
discovery, there would be difficulty determining who was the true disco=
verer.
Because diplomatic codes and encryption were well understood (there wer=
e many
books about them), scientists would resort to mythological and other mo=
re
symbolic and representational forms of cipher.
Modernizing the discussion to the present day, we now have scientific j=
ournals
that serve the purpose of assigning authorship correctly. Scientists th=
at are
not interested in academic credit, but who want to get publicity for th=
eir
discovery, want to utilize the Internet as a form a communication, a mu=
ch more
effective means than the mail of Scientific Revolution-era Europe.
Our research is 1) to study the behavior of scientists with respect to =
these
ciphers, 2) to see if they are being used today in scientific publishin=
g on the
Internet, and 3) to see if changes in the types of ciphers being used r=
eflect
the difference in the medium (the Internet instead of Renaissance mail =
systems)
through which the information is now being disseminated.
We apologize for the length of this e-mail, and thank you very much for=
taking
the time to help us, any help, thoughts, or ideas are very much appreci=
ated,
especially any historical information or anecdotes about the use of cip=
hers in
scientific publication.
Sincerely,
Lonne Jaffe
Harvard University
=A0.=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 ,.=A0 . .=
=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 ,-_/=A0=A0 ,_,_
=A0|=A0=A0 ,-.,-.,-.,-.=A0=A0=A0 / |=A0 | | ,-.,-. '=A0 |,-.|_|_,-.
=A0|=A0=A0 | || || ||-'=A0=A0 /~~|-.| | |-'| |=A0=A0=A0 |,-|| | |-'
=A0`--'`-'' '' '`-' ,'=A0=A0 `-'`'`'`-'' '=A0=A0=A0 |`-^| | `-'
=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=
=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 /=A0 |=A0=A0 ' '
=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=
=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 `--'
Lonne Allen Jaffe
E-mail/Pager:=A0=A0 jaffe@fas.harvard.edu
Cell Phone:=A0=A0=A0=A0 (617) 901-5857
Room phone/Fax: (617) 493-4347
U.S. Mail:=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 182 Mather Mail Center
=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 Cambridge, MA 02138
=
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